Vim documentation: syntax
main help file
*syntax.txt* For Vim version 6.2. Last change: 2003 Jun 01
VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
Syntax highlighting *syntax* *syntax-highlighting* *coloring*
Syntax highlighting enables Vim to show parts of the text in another font or
color. Those parts can be specific keywords or text matching a pattern. Vim
doesn't parse the whole file (to keep it fast), so the highlighting has its
limitations. Lexical highlighting might be a better name, but since everybody
calls it syntax highlighting we'll stick with that.
Vim supports syntax highlighting on all terminals. But since most ordinary
terminals have very limited highlighting possibilities, it works best in the
GUI version, gvim.
In the User Manual:
|usr_06.txt| introduces syntax highlighting.
|usr_44.txt| introduces writing a syntax file.
1. Quick start |:syn-qstart|
2. Syntax files |:syn-files|
3. Syntax loading procedure |syntax-loading|
4. Syntax file remarks |:syn-file-remarks|
5. Defining a syntax |:syn-define|
6. :syntax arguments |:syn-arguments|
7. Syntax patterns |:syn-pattern|
8. Syntax clusters |:syn-cluster|
9. Including syntax files |:syn-include|
10. Synchronizing |:syn-sync|
11. Listing syntax items |:syntax|
12. Highlight command |:highlight|
13. Linking groups |:highlight-link|
14. Cleaning up |:syn-clear|
15. Highlighting tags |tag-highlight|
16. Color xterms |xterm-color|
{Vi does not have any of these commands}
Syntax highlighting is not available when the |+syntax| feature has been
disabled at compile time.
==============================================================================
1. Quick start *:syn-qstart*
*:syn-enable* *:syntax-enable*
This command switches on syntax highlighting:
:syntax enable
What this command actually does is to execute the command
:source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/syntax.vim
If the VIM environment variable is not set, Vim will try to find
the path in another way (see |$VIMRUNTIME|). Usually this works just
fine. If it doesn't, try setting the VIM environment variable to the
directory where the Vim stuff is located. For example, if your syntax files
are in the "/usr/vim/vim50/syntax" directory, set $VIMRUNTIME to
"/usr/vim/vim50". You must do this in the shell, before starting Vim.
*:syn-on* *:syntax-on*
The ":syntax enable" command will keep your current color settings. This
allows using ":highlight" commands to set your preferred colors before or
after using this command. If you want Vim to overrule your settings with the
defaults, use:
:syntax on
*:hi-normal* *:highlight-normal*
If you are running in the GUI, you can get white text on a black background
with:
:highlight Normal guibg=Black guifg=White
For a color terminal see |:hi-normal-cterm|.
For setting up your own colors syntax highlighting see |syncolor|.
NOTE: The syntax files on MS-DOS and Windows have lines that end in <CR><NL>.
The files for Unix end in <NL>. This means you should use the right type of
file for your system. Although on MS-DOS and Windows the right format is
automatically selected if the 'fileformats' option is not empty.
NOTE: When using reverse video ("gvim -fg white -bg black"), the default value
of 'background' will not be set until the GUI window is opened, which is after
reading the .gvimrc. This will cause the wrong default highlighting to be
used. To set the default value of 'background' before switching on
highlighting, include the ":gui" command in the .gvimrc:
:gui " open window and set default for 'background'
:syntax on " start highlighting, use 'background' to set colors
NOTE: Using ":gui" in the .gvimrc means that "gvim -f" won't start in the
foreground! Use ":gui -f" then.
You can toggle the syntax on/off with this command
:if exists("syntax_on") | syntax off | else | syntax enable | endif
To put this into a mapping, you can use:
:map <F7> :if exists("syntax_on") <Bar>
\ syntax off <Bar>
\ else <Bar>
\ syntax enable <Bar>
\ endif <CR>
[using the |<>| notation, type this literally]
Details
The ":syntax" commands are implemented by sourcing a file. To see exactly how
this works, look in the file:
command file
:syntax enable $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/syntax.vim
:syntax on $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/syntax.vim
:syntax manual $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/manual.vim
:syntax off $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/nosyntax.vim
Also see |syntax-loading|.
==============================================================================
2. Syntax files *:syn-files*
The syntax and highlighting commands for one language are normally stored in
a syntax file. The name convention is: "{name}.vim". Where {name} is the
name of the language, or an abbreviation (to fit the name in 8.3 characters,
a requirement in case the file is used on a DOS filesystem).
Examples:
c.vim perl.vim java.vim html.vim
cpp.vim sh.vim csh.vim
The syntax file can contain any Ex commands, just like a vimrc file. But
the idea is that only commands for a specific language are included. When a
language is a superset of another language, it may include the other one,
for example, the cpp.vim file could include the c.vim file:
:so $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/c.vim
The .vim files are normally loaded with an autocommand. For example:
:au Syntax c source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/c.vim
:au Syntax cpp source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/cpp.vim
These commands are normally in the file $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/synload.vim.
MAKING YOUR OWN SYNTAX FILES *mysyntaxfile*
When you create your own syntax files, and you want to have Vim use these
automatically with ":syntax enable", do this:
1. Create your user runtime directory. You would normally use the first item
of the 'runtimepath' option. Example for Unix:
mkdir ~/.vim
2. Create a directory in there called "syntax". For Unix:
mkdir ~/.vim/syntax
3. Write the Vim syntax file. Or download one from the internet. Then write
it in your syntax directory. For example, for the "mine" syntax:
:w ~/.vim/syntax/mine.vim
Now you can start using your syntax file manually:
:set syntax=mine
You don't have to exit Vim to use this.
If you also want Vim to detect the type of file, see |new-filetype|.
If you are setting up a system with many users and you don't want each user
to add the same syntax file, you can use another directory from 'runtimepath'.
ADDING TO AN EXISTING SYNTAX FILE *mysyntaxfile-add*
If you are mostly satisfied with an existing syntax file, but would like to
add a few items or change the highlighting, follow these steps:
1. Create your user directory from 'runtimepath', see above.
2. Create a directory in there called "after/syntax". For Unix:
mkdir ~/.vim/after
mkdir ~/.vim/after/syntax
3. Write a Vim script that contains the commands you want to use. For
example, to change the colors for the C syntax:
highlight cComment ctermfg=Green guifg=Green
4. Write that file in the "after/syntax" directory. Use the name of the
syntax, with ".vim" added. For our C syntax:
:w ~/.vim/after/syntax/c.vim
That's it. The next time you edit a C file the Comment color will be
different. You don't even have to restart Vim.
REPLACING AN EXISTING SYNTAX FILE *mysyntaxfile-replace*
If you don't like a distributed syntax file, or you have downloaded a new
version, follow the same steps as for |mysyntaxfile| above. Just make sure
that you write the syntax file in a directory that is early in 'runtimepath'.
Vim will only load the first syntax file found.
NAMING CONVENTIONS
*group-name* *{group-name}*
The name for a highlight or syntax group must consist of ASCII letters, digits
and the underscore. As a regexp: "[a-zA-Z0-9_]*"
To be able to allow each user to pick his favorite set of colors, there must
be preferred names for highlight groups that are common for many languages.
These are the suggested group names:
*Comment any comment
*Constant any constant
String a string constant: "this is a string"
Character a character constant: 'c', '\n'
Number a number constant: 234, 0xff
Boolean a boolean constant: TRUE, false
Float a floating point constant: 2.3e10
*Identifier any variable name
Function function name (also: methods for classes)
*Statement any statement
Conditional if, then, else, endif, switch, etc.
Repeat for, do, while, etc.
Label case, default, etc.
Operator "sizeof", "+", "*", etc.
Keyword any other keyword
Exception try, catch, throw
*PreProc generic Preprocessor
Include preprocessor #include
Define preprocessor #define
Macro same as Define
PreCondit preprocessor #if, #else, #endif, etc.
*Type int, long, char, etc.
StorageClass static, register, volatile, etc.
Structure struct, union, enum, etc.
Typedef A typedef
*Special any special symbol
SpecialChar special character in a constant
Tag you can use CTRL-] on this
Delimiter character that needs attention
SpecialComment special things inside a comment
Debug debugging statements
*Underlined text that stands out, HTML links
*Ignore left blank, hidden
*Error any erroneous construct
*Todo anything that needs extra attention; mostly the
keywords TODO FIXME and XXX
The names marked with * are the preferred groups; the others are minor groups.
For the preferred groups, the "syntax.vim" file contains default highlighting.
The minor groups are linked to the preferred groups, so they get the same
highlighting. You can override these defaults by using ":highlight" commands
after sourcing the "syntax.vim" file.
Note that highlight group names are not case sensitive. "String" and "string"
can be used for the same group.
The following names are reserved and cannot be used as a group name:
NONE ALL ALLBUT contains contained
==============================================================================
3. Syntax loading procedure *syntax-loading*
This explains the details that happen when the command ":syntax enable" is
issued. When Vim initializes itself, it finds out where the runtime files are
located. This is used here as the variable |$VIMRUNTIME|.
":syntax enable" and ":syntax on" do the following:
Source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/syntax.vim
|
+- Clear out any old syntax by sourcing $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/nosyntax.vim
|
+- Source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/synload.vim from 'runtimepath'
| |
| +- Setup the colors for syntax highlighting. If a color scheme is
| | defined it is loaded again with ":colors {name}". Otherwise
| | ":runtime! syntax/syncolor.vim" is used. ":syntax on" overrules
| | existing colors, ":syntax enable" only sets groups that weren't
| | set yet.
| |
| +- Set up syntax autocmds to load the appropriate syntax file when
| | the 'syntax' option is set. *synload-1*
| |
| +- Source the user's optional file, from the |mysyntaxfile| variable.
| This is for backwards compatibility with Vim 5.x only. *synload-2*
|
+- Do ":filetype on", which does ":runtime! filetype.vim". It loads any
| filetype.vim files found. It should always Source
| $VIMRUNTIME/filetype.vim, which does the following.
| |
| +- Install autocmds based on suffix to set the 'filetype' option
| | This is where the connection between file name and file type is
| | made for known file types. *synload-3*
| |
| +- Source the user's optional file, from the *myfiletypefile*
| | variable. This is for backwards compatibility with Vim 5.x only.
| | *synload-4*
| |
| +- Install one autocommand which sources scripts.vim when no file
| | type was detected yet. *synload-5*
| |
| +- Source $VIMRUNTIME/menu.vim, to setup the Syntax menu. |menu.vim|
|
+- Install a FileType autocommand to set the 'syntax' option when a file
| type has been detected. *synload-6*
|
+- Execute syntax autocommands to start syntax highlighting for each
already loaded buffer.
Upon loading a file, Vim finds the relevant syntax file as follows:
Loading the file triggers the BufReadPost autocommands.
|
+- If there is a match with one of the autocommands from |synload-3|
| (known file types) or |synload-4| (user's file types), the 'filetype'
| option is set to the file type.
|
+- The autocommand at |synload-5| is triggered. If the file type was not
| found yet, then scripts.vim is searched for in 'runtimepath'. This
| should always load $VIMRUNTIME/scripts.vim, which does the following.
| |
| +- Source the user's optional file, from the *myscriptsfile*
| | variable. This is for backwards compbatibility with Vim 5.x only.
| |
| +- If the file type is still unknown, check the contents of the file,
| again with checks like "getline(1) =~ pattern" as to whether the
| file type can be recognized, and set 'filetype'.
|
+- When the file type was determined and 'filetype' was set, this
| triggers the FileType autocommand |synload-6| above. It sets
| 'syntax' to the determined file type.
|
+- When the 'syntax' option was set above, this triggers an autocommand
| from |synload-1| (and |synload-2|). This find the main syntax file in
| 'runtimepath', with this command:
| runtime! syntax/<name>.vim
|
+- Any other user installed FileType or Syntax autocommands are
triggered. This can be used to change the highlighting for a specific
syntax.
==============================================================================
4. Syntax file remarks *:syn-file-remarks*
*b:current_syntax-variable*
Vim stores the name of the syntax that has been loaded in the
"b:current_syntax" variable. You can use this if you want to load other
settings, depending on which syntax is active. Example:
:au BufReadPost * if b:current_syntax == "csh"
:au BufReadPost * do-some-things
:au BufReadPost * endif
2HTML *2html.vim* *convert-to-HTML*
This is not a syntax file itself, but a script that converts the current
window into HTML. Vim opens a new window in which it builds the HTML file.
You are not supposed to set the 'filetype' or 'syntax' option to "2html"!
Source the script to convert the current file:
:runtime! syntax/2html.vim
Warning: This is slow!
*:TOhtml*
Or use the ":TOhtml" user command. It is defined in a standard plugin.
":TOhtml" also works with a range and in a Visual area:
:10,40TOhtml
After you save the resulting file, you can view it with any HTML viewer, such
as Netscape. The colors should be exactly the same as you see them in Vim.
To restrict the conversion to a range of lines set "html_start_line" and
"html_end_line" to the first and last line to be converted. Example, using
the last set Visual area:
:let html_start_line = line("'<")
:let html_end_line = line("'>")
The lines are numbered according to 'number' option and the Number
highlighting. You can force lines to be numbered in the HTML output by
setting "html_number_lines" to non-zero value:
:let html_number_lines = 1
Force to omit the line numbers by using a zero value:
:let html_number_lines = 0
Go back to the default to use 'number' by deleting the variable:
:unlet html_number_lines
By default, HTML optimized for old browsers is generated. If you prefer using
cascading style sheets (CSS1) for the attributes (resulting in considerably
shorter and valid HTML 4 file), use:
:let html_use_css = 1
By default "<pre>" and "</pre>" is used around the text. This makes it show
up as you see it in Vim, but without wrapping. If you prefer wrapping, at the
risc of making some things look a bit different, use:
:let html_no_pre = 1
This will use <br> at the end of each line and use " " for repeated
spaces.
The current value of 'encoding' is used to specify the charset of the HTML
file. This only works for those values of 'encoding' that have an equivalent
HTML charset name. To overrule this set g:html_use_encoding to the name of
the charset to be used:
:let html_use_encoding = "foobar"
To omit the line that specifies the charset, set g:html_use_encoding to an
empty string:
:let html_use_encoding = ""
To go back to the automatic mechanism, delete the g:html_use_encoding
variable:
:unlet html_use_encoding
Remarks:
- This only works in a version with GUI support. If the GUI is not actually
running (possible for X11) it still works, but not very well (the colors
may be wrong).
- Older browsers will not show the background colors.
- From most browsers you can also print the file (in color)!
Here is an example how to run the script over all .c and .h files from a
Unix shell:
for f in *.[ch]; do gvim -f +"syn on" +"run! syntax/2html.vim" +"wq" +"q" $f; done
ABEL *abel.vim* *abel-syntax*
ABEL highlighting provides some user-defined options. To enable them, assign
any value to the respective variable. Example:
:let abel_obsolete_ok=1
To disable them use ":unlet". Example:
:unlet abel_obsolete_ok
Variable Highlight
abel_obsolete_ok obsolete keywords are statements, not errors
abel_cpp_comments_illegal do not interpret '//' as inline comment leader
ADA *ada.vim* *ada-syntax*
This mode is designed for the 1995 edition of Ada ("Ada95"), which
includes support for objected-programming, protected types, and so on.
It handles code written for the original Ada language
("Ada83" or "Ada87") as well, though Ada83 code which uses Ada95-only
keywords will be wrongly colored (such code should be fixed anyway).
For more information about Ada, see http://www.adapower.com.
The Ada mode handles a number of situations cleanly.
For example, it knows that the "-" in "-5" is a number, but the same
character in "A-5" is an operator. Normally, a "with" or "use" clause
referencing another compilation unit is colored the same way as C's
"#include" is colored. If you have "Conditional" or "Repeat"
groups colored differently, then "end if" and "end loop" will be
colored as part of those respective groups.
You can set these to different colors using vim's "highlight" command
(e.g., to change how loops are displayed, enter the command
":hi Repeat" followed by the color specification; on simple terminals
the color specification ctermfg=White often shows well).
There are several options you can select in this Ada mode.
To enable them, assign a value to the option. For example, to turn one on:
let ada_standard_types = 1
To disable them use ":unlet". Example:
unlet ada_standard_types = 1
You can just use ":" and type these into the command line to set these
temporarily before loading an Ada file. You can make these option settings
permanent by adding the "let" command(s), without a colon,
to your "~/.vimrc" file.
Here are the Ada mode options:
Variable Action
ada_standard_types Highlight types in package Standard (e.g., "Float")
ada_space_errors Highlight extraneous errors in spaces...
ada_no_trail_space_error but ignore trailing spaces at the end of a line
ada_no_tab_space_error but ignore tabs after spaces
ada_withuse_ordinary Show "with" and "use" as ordinary keywords
(when used to reference other compilation units
they're normally highlighted specially).
ada_begin_preproc Show all begin-like keywords using the coloring
of C preprocessor commands.
Even on a slow (90Mhz) PC this mode works quickly, but if you find
the performance unacceptable, turn on ada_withuse_ordinary.
ANT *ant.vim* *ant-syntax*
The ant syntax file provides syntax highlighting for javascript and python
by default. Syntax highlighting for other script languages can be installed
by the function AntSyntaxScript(), which takes the tag name as first argument
and the script syntax file name as second argument. Example:
:call AntSyntaxScript('perl', 'perl.vim')
will install syntax perl highlighting for the following ant code
<script language = 'perl'><![CDATA[
# everything inside is highlighted as perl
]]></script>
See |mysyntaxfile-add| for installing script languages permanently.
APACHE *apache.vim* *apache-syntax*
The apache syntax file provides syntax highlighting depending on Apache HTTP
server version, by default for 1.3.x. Set "apache_version" to Apache version
(as a string) to get highlighting for another version. Example:
:let apache_version = "2.0"
*asm.vim* *asmh8300.vim* *nasm.vim* *masm.vim* *asm68k*
ASSEMBLY *asm-syntax* *asmh8300-syntax* *nasm-syntax* *masm-syntax*
*asm68k-syntax*
Files matching "*.i" could be Progress or Assembly. If the automatic detection
doesn't work for you, or you don't edit Progress at all, use this in your
startup vimrc:
:let filetype_i = "asm"
Replace "asm" with the type of assembly you use.
There are many types of assembly languages that all use the same file name
extensions. Therefore you will have to select the type yourself, or add a
line in the assembly file that Vim will recognize. Currently these syntax
files are included:
asm GNU assembly (the default)
asm68k Motorola 680x0 assembly
asmh8300 Hitachi H-8300 version of GNU assembly
ia64 Intel Itanium 64
masm Microsoft assembly (probably works for any 80x86)
nasm Netwide assembly
tasm Turbo Assembly (with opcodes 80x86 up to Pentium, and
MMX)
pic PIC assembly (currently for PIC16F84)
The most flexible is to add a line in your assembly file containing:
:asmsyntax=nasm
Replace "nasm" with the name of the real assembly syntax. This line must be
one of the first five lines in the file.
The syntax type can always be overruled for a specific buffer by setting the
b:asmsyntax variable:
:let b:asmsyntax=nasm
If b:asmsyntax is not set, either automatically or by hand, then the value of
the global variable asmsyntax is used. This can be seen as a default assembly
language:
:let asmsyntax=nasm
As a last resort, if nothing is defined, the "asm" syntax is used.
Netwide assembler (nasm.vim) optional highlighting
To enable a feature:
:let {variable}=1|set syntax=nasm
To disable a feature:
:unlet {variable} |set syntax=nasm
Variable Highlight
nasm_loose_syntax unofficial parser allowed syntax not as Error
(parser dependent; not recommended)
nasm_ctx_outside_macro contexts outside macro not as Error
nasm_no_warn potentially risky syntax not as ToDo
ASPPERL and ASPVBS *aspperl-syntax* *aspvbs-syntax*
*.asp and *.asa files could be either Perl or Visual Basic script. Since it's
hard to detect this you can set two global variables to tell Vim what you are
using. For Perl script use:
:let g:filetype_asa = "aspperl"
:let g:filetype_asp = "aspperl"
For Visual Basic use:
:let g:filetype_asa = "aspvbs"
:let g:filetype_asp = "aspvbs"
BASIC *basic.vim* *vb.vim* *basic-syntax* *vb-syntax*
Both Visual Basic and "normal" basic use the extension ".bas". To detect
which one should be used, Vim checks for the string "VB_Name" in the first
five lines of the file. If it is not found, filetype will be "basic",
otherwise "vb". Files with the ".frm" extension will always be seen as Visual
Basic.
C *c.vim* *c-syntax*
A few things in C highlighting are optional. To enable them assign any value
to the respective variable. Example:
:let c_comment_strings=1
To disable them use ":unlet". Example:
:unlet c_comment_strings
Variable Highlight
c_gnu GNU gcc specific items
c_comment_strings strings and numbers inside a comment
c_space_errors trailing white space and spaces before a <Tab>
c_no_trail_space_error ... but no trailing spaces
c_no_tab_space_error ... but no spaces before a <Tab>
c_no_bracket_error don't highlight {}; inside [] as errors
c_no_ansi don't do standard ANSI types and constants
c_ansi_typedefs ... but do standard ANSI types
c_ansi_constants ... but do standard ANSI constants
c_no_utf don't highlight \u and \U in strings
c_syntax_for_h use C syntax for *.h files, instead of C++
c_no_if0 don't highlight "#if 0" blocks as comments
c_no_cformat don't highlight %-formats in strings
c_no_c99 don't highlight C99 standard items
If you notice highlighting errors while scrolling backwards, which are fixed
when redrawing with CTRL-L, try setting the "c_minlines" internal variable
to a larger number:
:let c_minlines = 100
This will make the syntax synchronization start 100 lines before the first
displayed line. The default value is 50 (15 when c_no_if0 is set). The
disadvantage of using a larger number is that redrawing can become slow.
When using the "#if 0" / "#endif" comment highlighting, notice that this only
works when the "#if 0" is within "c_minlines" from the top of the window. If
you have a long "#if 0" construct it will not be highlighted correctly.
To match extra items in comments, use the cCommentGroup cluster.
Example:
:au Syntax c call MyCadd()
:function MyCadd()
: syn keyword cMyItem contained Ni
: syn cluster cCommentGroup add=cMyItem
: hi link cMyItem Title
:endfun
ANSI constants will be highlighted with the "cConstant" group. This includes
"NULL", "SIG_IGN" and others. But not "TRUE", for example, because this is
not in the ANSI standard. If you find this confusing, remove the cConstant
highlighting:
:hi link cConstant NONE
If you see '{' and '}' highlighted as an error where they are OK, reset the
highlighting for cErrInParen and cErrInBracket.
CHANGELOG *changelog.vim* *changelog-syntax*
ChangeLog supports highlighting spaces at the start of a line.
If you do not like this, add following line to your .vimrc:
let g:changelog_spacing_errors = 0
This works the next time you edit a changelog file. You can also use
"b:changelog_spacing_errors" to set this per buffer (before loading the syntax
file).
You can change the highlighting used, e.g., to flag the spaces as an error:
:hi link ChangelogError Error
Or to avoid the highlighting:
:hi link ChangelogError NONE
This works immediately.
COBOL *cobol.vim* *cobol-syntax*
COBOL highlighting has different needs for legacy code than it does for fresh
development. This is due to differences in what is being done (maintenance
versus development) and other factors. To enable legacy code highlighting,
add this line to your .vimrc:
:let cobol_legacy_code = 1
To disable it again, use this:
:unlet cobol_legacy_code
COLD FUSION *coldfusion.vim* *coldfusion-syntax*
The ColdFusion has its own version of HTML comments. To turn on ColdFusion
comment highlighting, add the following line to your startup file:
:let html_wrong_comments = 1
The ColdFusion syntax file is based on the HTML syntax file.
CYNLIB *cynlib.vim* *cynlib-syntax*
Cynlib files are C++ files that use the Cynlib class library to enable
hardware modelling and simulation using C++. Typically Cynlib files have a .cc
or a .cpp extension, which makes it very difficult to distinguish them from a
normal C++ file. Thus, to enable Cynlib highlighting for .cc files, add this
line to your .vimrc file:
:let cynlib_cyntax_for_cc=1
Similarly for cpp files (this extension is only usually used in Windows)
:let cynlib_cyntax_for_cpp=1
To disable these again, use this:
:unlet cynlib_cyntax_for_cc
:unlet cynlib_cyntax_for_cpp
CWEB *cweb.vim* *cweb-syntax*
Files matching "*.w" could be Progress or cweb. If the automatic detection
doesn't work for you, or you don't edit Progress at all, use this in your
startup vimrc:
:let filetype_w = "cweb"
DOSBATCH *dosbatch.vim* *dosbatch-syntax*
There is one option with highlighting DOS batch files. This covers new
extensions to the Command Interpreter introduced with Windows 2000 and
is controlled by the variable dosbatch_cmdextversion. For Windows NT
this should have the value 1, and for Windows 2000 it should be 2.
Select the version you want with the following line:
:let dosbatch_cmdextversion = 1
If this variable is not defined it defaults to a value of 2 to support
Windows 2000.
DTD *dtd.vim* *dtd-syntax*
The DTD syntax highlighting is case sensitive by default. To disable
case-sensitive highlighting, add the following line to your startup file:
:let dtd_ignore_case=1
The DTD syntax file will highlight unknown tags as errors. If
this is annoying, it can be turned off by setting:
:let dtd_no_tag_errors=1
before sourcing the dtd.vim syntax file.
Parameter entity names are highlighted in the definition using the
'Type' highlighting group and 'Comment' for punctuation and '%'.
Parameter entity instances are highlighted using the 'Constant'
highlighting group and the 'Type' highlighting group for the
delimiters % and ;. This can be turned off by setting:
:let dtd_no_param_entities=1
The DTD syntax file is also included by xml.vim to highlight included dtd's.
EIFFEL *eiffel.vim* *eiffel-syntax*
While Eiffel is not case-sensitive, its style guidelines are, and the
syntax highlighting file encourages their use. This also allows to
highlight class names differently. If you want to disable case-sensitive
highlighting, add the following line to your startup file:
:let eiffel_ignore_case=1
Case still matters for class names and TODO marks in comments.
Conversely, for even stricter checks, add one of the following lines:
:let eiffel_strict=1
:let eiffel_pedantic=1
Setting eiffel_strict will only catch improper capitalization for the
five predefined words "Current", "Void", "Result", "Precursor", and
"NONE", to warn against their accidental use as feature or class names.
Setting eiffel_pedantic will enforce adherence to the Eiffel style
guidelines fairly rigorously (like arbitrary mixes of upper- and
lowercase letters as well as outdated ways to capitalize keywords).
If you want to use the lower-case version of "Current", "Void",
"Result", and "Precursor", you can use
:let eiffel_lower_case_predef=1
instead of completely turning case-sensitive highlighting off.
Support for ISE's proposed new creation syntax that is already
experimentally handled by some compilers can be enabled by:
:let eiffel_ise=1
Finally, some vendors support hexadecimal constants. To handle them, add
:let eiffel_hex_constants=1
to your startup file.
ERLANG *erlang.vim* *erlang-syntax*
The erlang highlighting supports Erlang (ERicsson LANGuage).
Erlang is case sensitive and default extension is ".erl".
If you want to disable keywords highlighting, put in your .vimrc:
:let erlang_keywords = 1
If you want to disable built-in-functions highlighting, put in your
.vimrc file:
:let erlang_functions = 1
If you want to disable special characters highlighting, put in
your .vimrc:
:let erlang_characters = 1
FORM *form.vim* *form-syntax*
The coloring scheme for syntax elements in the FORM file uses the default
modes Conditional, Number, Statement, Comment, PreProc, Type, and String,
following the language specifications in 'Symbolic Manipulation with FORM'' by
J.A.M. Vermaseren, CAN, Netherlands, 1991.
If you want include your own changes to the default colors, you have to
redefine the following syntax groups:
- formConditional
- formNumber
- formStatement
- formHeaderStatement
- formComment
- formPreProc
- formDirective
- formType
- formString
Note that the form.vim syntax file implements FORM preprocessor commands and
directives per default in the same syntax group.
A predefined enhanced color mode for FORM is available to distinguish between
header statements and statements in the body of a FORM program. To activate
this mode define the following variable in your vimrc file
:let form_enhanced_color=1
The enhanced mode also takes advantage of additional color features for a dark
gvim display. Here, statements are colored LightYellow instead of Yellow, and
conditionals are LightBlue for better distinction.
FORTRAN *fortran.vim* *fortran-syntax*
Default highlighting and dialect
Highlighting appropriate for f95 (Fortran 95) is used by default. This choice
should be appropriate for most users most of the time because Fortran 95 is a
superset of Fortran 90 and almost a superset of Fortran 77.
Fortran source code form
Fortran 9x code can be in either fixed or free source form. Note that the
syntax highlighting will not be correct if the form is incorrectly set.
When you create a new fortran file, the syntax script assumes fixed source
form. If you always use free source form, then
:let fortran_free_source=1
in your .vimrc prior to the :syntax on command. If you always use fixed source
form, then
:let fortran_fixed_source=1
in your .vimrc prior to the :syntax on command.
If the form of the source code depends upon the file extension, then it is
most convenient to set fortran_free_source in a ftplugin file. For more
information on ftplugin files, see |ftplugin|. For example, if all your
fortran files with an .f90 extension are written in free source form and the
rest in fixed source form, add the following code to your ftplugin file
let s:extfname = expand("%:e")
if s:extfname ==? "f90"
let fortran_free_source=1
unlet! fortran_fixed_source
else
let fortran_fixed_source=1
unlet! fortran_free_source
endif
Note that this will work only if the "filetype plugin indent on" command
precedes the "syntax on" command in your .vimrc file.
When you edit an existing fortran file, the syntax script will assume free
source form if the fortran_free_source variable has been set, and assumes
fixed source form if the fortran_fixed_source variable has been set. If
neither of these variables have been set, the syntax script attempts to
determine which source form has been used by examining the first five columns
of the first 25 lines of your file. If no signs of free source form are
detected, then the file is assumed to be in fixed source form. The algorithm
should work in the vast majority of cases. In some cases, such as a file that
begins with 25 or more full-line comments, the script may incorrectly decide
that the fortran code is in fixed form. If that happens, just add a
non-comment statement beginning anywhere in the first five columns of the
first twenty five lines, save (:w) and then reload (:e!) the file.
Tabs in fortran files
Tabs are not recognized by the Fortran standards. Tabs are not a good idea in
fixed format fortran source code which requires fixed column boundaries.
Therefore, tabs are marked as errors. Nevertheless, some programmers like
using tabs. If your fortran files contain tabs, then you should set the
variable fortran_have_tabs in your .vimrc with a command such as
:let fortran_have_tabs=1
placed prior to the :syntax on command. Unfortunately, the use of tabs will
mean that the syntax file will not be able to detect incorrect margins.
Syntax folding of fortran files
If you wish to use foldmethod=syntax, then you must first set the variable
fortran_fold with a command such as
:let fortran_fold=1
to instruct the syntax script to define fold regions for program units, that
is main programs starting with a program statement, subroutines, function
subprograms, block data subprograms, interface blocks, and modules. If you
also set the variable fortran_fold_conditionals with a command such as
:let fortran_fold_conditionals=1
then fold regions will also be defined for do loops, if blocks, and select
case constructs. If you also set the variable
fortran_fold_multilinecomments with a command such as
:let fortran_fold_multilinecomments=1
then fold regions will also be defined for three or more consecutive comment
lines. Note that defining fold regions can be slow for large files.
If fortran_fold, and possibly fortran_fold_conditionals and/or
fortran_fold_multilinecomments, have been set, then vim will fold your file if
you set foldmethod=syntax. Comments or blank lines placed between two program
units are not folded because they are seen as not belonging to any program
unit.
More precise fortran syntax
If you set the variable fortran_more_precise with a command such as
:let fortran_more_precise=1
then the syntax coloring will be more precise but slower. In particular,
statement labels used in do, goto and arithmetic if statements will be
recognized, as will construct names at the end of a do, if, select or forall
construct.
Non-default fortran dialects
The syntax script supports five Fortran dialects: f95, f90, f77, the Lahey
subset elf90, and the Imagine1 subset F.
If you use f77 with extensions, even common ones like do/enddo loops, do/while
loops and free source form that are supported by most f77 compilers including
g77 (GNU Fortran), then you will probably find the default highlighting
satisfactory. However, if you use strict f77 with no extensions, not even free
source form or the MIL STD 1753 extensions, then the advantages of setting the
dialect to f77 are that names such as SUM are recognized as user variable
names and not highlighted as f9x intrinsic functions, that obsolete constructs
such as ASSIGN statements are not highlighted as todo items, and that fixed
source form will be assumed.
If you use elf90 or F, the advantage of setting the dialect appropriately is
that f90 features excluded from these dialects will be highlighted as todo
items and that free source form will be assumed as required for these
dialects.
The dialect can be selected by setting the variable fortran_dialect. The
permissible values of fortran_dialect are case-sensitive and must be "f95",
"f90", "f77", "elf" or "F". Invalid values of fortran_dialect are ignored.
If all your fortran files use the same dialect, set fortran_dialect in your
.vimrc prior to your syntax on statement. If the dialect depends upon the file
extension, then it is most convenient to set it in a ftplugin file. For more
information on ftplugin files, see |ftplugin|. For example, if all your
fortran files with an .f90 extension are written in the elf subset, your
ftplugin file should contain the code
let s:extfname = expand("%:e")
if s:extfname ==? "f90"
let fortran_dialect="elf"
else
unlet! fortran_dialect
endif
Note that this will work only if the "filetype plugin indent on" command
precedes the "syntax on" command in your .vimrc file.
Finer control is necessary if the file extension does not uniquely identify
the dialect. You can override the default dialect, on a file-by-file basis, by
including a comment with the directive "fortran_dialect=xx" (where xx=f77 or
elf or F or f90 or f95) in one of the first three lines in your file. For
example, your older .f files may be written in extended f77 but your newer
ones may be F codes, and you would identify the latter by including in the
first three lines of those files a Fortran comment of the form
! fortran_dialect=F
F overrides elf if both directives are present.
Limitations
Parenthesis checking does not catch too few closing parentheses. Hollerith
strings are not recognized. Some keywords may be highlighted incorrectly
because Fortran90 has no reserved words.
For further information related to fortran, see |fortran-indent| and
|fortran-plugin|.
FVWM CONFIGURATION FILES *fvwm.vim* *fvwm-syntax*
In order for Vim to recognize Fvwm configuration files that do not match
the patterns *fvwmrc* or *fvwm2rc* , you must put additional patterns
appropriate to your system in your myfiletypes.vim file. For these
patterns, you must set the variable "b:fvwm_version" to the major version
number of Fvwm, and the 'filetype' option to fvwm.
For example, to make Vim identify all files in /etc/X11/fvwm2/
as Fvwm2 configuration files, add the following:
:au! BufNewFile,BufRead /etc/X11/fvwm2/* let b:fvwm_version = 2 |
\ set filetype=fvwm
If you'd like Vim to highlight all valid color names, tell it where to
find the color database (rgb.txt) on your system. Do this by setting
"rgb_file" to its location. Assuming your color database is located
in /usr/X11/lib/X11/, you should add the line
:let rgb_file = "/usr/X11/lib/X11/rgb.txt"
to your .vimrc file.
GSP *gsp.vim*
The default coloring style for GSP pages is defined by |html.vim|, and
the coloring for java code (within java tags or inline between backticks)
is defined by |java.vim|. The following HTML groups defined in |html.vim|
are redefined to incorporate and highlight inline java code:
htmlString
htmlValue
htmlEndTag
htmlTag
htmlTagN
Highlighting should look fine most of the places where you'd see inline
java code, but in some special cases it may not. To add another HTML
group where you will have inline java code where it does not highlight
correctly, just copy the line you want from |html.vim| and add gspJava
to the contains clause.
The backticks for inline java are highlighted according to the htmlError
group to make them easier to see.
GROFF *groff.vim* *groff-syntax*
The groff syntax file is a wrapper for |nroff.vim|. See the notes under
that heading. You can use this wrapper to create a filetype mapping
that uses groff syntax features by default, instead of the mappings
defined in filetype.vim.
HTML *html.vim* *html-syntax*
The coloring scheme for tags in the HTML file works as follows.
The <> of opening tags are colored differently than the </> of a closing tag.
This is on purpose! For opening tags the 'Function' color is used, while for
closing tags the 'Type' color is used (See syntax.vim to check how those are
defined for you)
Known tag names are colored the same way as statements in C. Unknown tag
names are colored with the same color as the <> or </> respectively which
makes it easy to spot errors
Note that the same is true for argument (or attribute) names. Known attribute
names are colored differently than unknown ones.
Some HTML tags are used to change the rendering of text. The following tags
are recognized by the html.vim syntax coloring file and change the way normal
text is shown: <B> <I> <U> <EM> <STRONG> (<EM> is used as an alias for <I>,
while <STRONG> as an alias for <B>), <H1> - <H6>, <HEAD>, <TITLE> and <A>, but
only if used as a link that is, it must include a href as in
<A href="somfile.html">).
If you want to change how such text is rendered, you must redefine the
following syntax groups:
- htmlBold
- htmlBoldUnderline
- htmlBoldUnderlineItalic
- htmlUnderline
- htmlUnderlineItalic
- htmlItalic
- htmlTitle for titles
- htmlH1 - htmlH6 for headings
To make this redefinition work you must redefine them all with the exception
of the last two (htmlTitle and htmlH[1-6], which are optional) and define the
following variable in your vimrc (this is due to the order in which the files
are read during initialization)
:let html_my_rendering=1
If you'd like to see an example download mysyntax.vim at
http://www.fleiner.com/vim/mysyntax.vim
You can also disable this rendering by adding the following line to your
vimrc file:
:let html_no_rendering=1
HTML comments are rather special (see an HTML reference document for the
details), and the syntax coloring scheme will highlight all errors.
However, if you prefer to use the wrong style (starts with <!-- and
ends with --!>) you can define
:let html_wrong_comments=1
JavaScript and Visual Basic embedded inside HTML documents are highlighted as
'Special' with statements, comments, strings and so on colored as in standard
programming languages. Note that only JavaScript and Visual Basic are currently
supported, no other scripting language has been added yet.
Embedded and inlined cascading style sheets (CSS) are highlighted too.
There are several html preprocessor languages out there. html.vim has been
written such that it should be trivial to include it. To do so add the
following two lines to the syntax coloring file for that language
(the example comes from the asp.vim file):
runtime! syntax/html.vim
syn cluster htmlPreproc add=asp
Now you just need to make sure that you add all regions that contain
the preprocessor language to the cluster htmlPreproc.
HTML/OS (by Aestiva) *htmlos.vim* *htmlos-syntax*
The coloring scheme for HTML/OS works as follows:
Functions and variable names are the same color by default, because VIM
doesn't specify different colors for Functions and Identifiers. To change
this (which is recommended if you want function names to be recognizable in a
different color) you need to add the following line to either your ~/.vimrc:
:hi Function term=underline cterm=bold ctermfg=LightGray
Of course, the ctermfg can be a different color if you choose.
Another issues that HTML/OS runs into is that there is no special filetype to
signify that it is a file with HTML/OS coding. You can change this by opening
a file and turning on HTML/OS syntax by doing the following:
:set syntax=htmlos
Lastly, it should be noted that the opening and closing characters to begin a
block of HTML/OS code can either be << or [[ and >> or ]], respectively.
IA64 *ia64.vim* *intel-itanium* *ia64-syntax*
Highlighting for the Intel Itanium 64 assembly language. See |asm.vim| for
how to recognize this filetype.
To have *.inc files be recognized as IA64, add this to your .vimrc file:
:let g:filetype_inc = "ia64"
INFORM *inform.vim* *inform-syntax*
Inform highlighting includes symbols provided by the Inform Library, as
most programs make extensive use of it. If do not wish Library symbols
to be highlighted add this to your vim startup:
:let inform_highlight_simple=1
By default it is assumed that Inform programs are Z-machine targeted,
and highlights Z-machine assembly language symbols appropriately. If
you intend your program to be targeted to a Glulx/Glk environment you
need to add this to your startup sequence:
:let inform_highlight_glulx=1
This will highlight Glulx opcodes instead, and also adds glk() to the
set of highlighted system functions.
The Inform compiler will flag certain obsolete keywords as errors when
it encounters them. These keywords are normally highlighted as errors
by Vim. To prevent such error highlighting, you must add this to your
startup sequence:
:let inform_suppress_obsolete=1
JAVA *java.vim* *java-syntax*
The java.vim syntax highlighting file offers several options:
In Java 1.0.2 it was never possible to have braces inside parens, so this was
flagged as an error. Since Java 1.1 this is possible (with anonymous
classes), and therefore is no longer marked as an error. If you prefer the old
way, put the following line into your vim startup file:
:let java_mark_braces_in_parens_as_errors=1
All identifiers in java.lang.* are always visible in all classes. To
highlight them use:
:let java_highlight_java_lang_ids=1
You can also highlight identifiers of most standard java packages if you
download the script at http://www.fleiner.com/vim/syntax/javaid.vim
If you prefer to only highlight identifiers of a certain package, say java.io
use the following:
:let java_highligh_java_io=1
Check the javaid.vim file for a list of all the packages that are supported.
Function names are not highlighted, as the way to find functions depends on
how you write java code. The syntax file knows two possible ways to highlight
functions:
If you write function declarations that are always indented by either
a tab, 8 spaces or 2 spaces you may want to set
:let java_highlight_functions="indent"
However, if you follow the Java guidelines about how functions and classes are
supposed to be named (with respect to upper and lowercase), use
:let java_highlight_functions="style"
If both options do not work for you, but you would still want function
declarations to be highlighted create your own definitions by changing the
definitions in java.vim or by creating your own java.vim which includes the
original one and then adds the code to highlight functions.
In java 1.1 the functions System.out.println() and System.err.println() should
only be used for debugging. Therefor it is possible to highlight debugging
statements differently. To do this you must add the following definition in
your startup file:
:let java_highlight_debug=1
The result will be that those statements are highlighted as 'Special'
characters. If you prefer to have them highlighted differently you must define
new highlightings for the following groups.:
Debug, DebugSpecial, DebugString, DebugBoolean, DebugType
which are used for the statement itself, special characters used in debug
strings, strings, boolean constants and types (this, super) respectively. I
have opted to chose another background for those statements.
In order to help you to write code that can be easely ported between
java and C++, all C++ keywords are marked as error in a java program.
However, if you use them regularly, you may want to define the following
variable in your .vimrc file:
:let java_allow_cpp_keywords=1
Javadoc is a program that takes special comments out of java program files and
creates HTML pages. The standard configuration will highlight this HTML code
similarly to HTML files (see |html.vim|). You can even add javascript
and CSS inside this code (see below). There are four differences however:
1. The title (all characters up to the first '.' which is followed by
some white space or up to the first '@') is colored differently (to change
the color change the group CommentTitle).
2. The text is colored as 'Comment'.
3. HTML comments are colored as 'Special'
4. The special javadoc tags (@see, @param, ...) are highlighted as specials
and the argument (for @see, @param, @exception) as Function.
To turn this feature off add the following line to your startup file:
:let java_ignore_javadoc=1
If you use the special javadoc comment highlighting described above you
can also turn on special highlighting for javascript, visual basic
scripts and embedded CSS (stylesheets). This makes only sense if you
actually have javadoc comments that include either javascript or embedded
CSS. The options to use are
:let java_javascript=1
:let java_css=1
:let java_vb=1
In order to highlight nested parens with different colors define colors
for javaParen, javaParen1 and javaParen2, for example with
:hi link javaParen Comment
or
:hi javaParen ctermfg=blue guifg=#0000ff
If you notice highlighting errors while scrolling backwards, which are fixed
when redrawing with CTRL-L, try setting the "java_minlines" internal variable
to a larger number:
:let java_minlines = 50
This will make the syntax synchronization start 50 lines before the first
displayed line. The default value is 10. The disadvantage of using a larger
number is that redrawing can become slow.
LACE *lace.vim* *lace-syntax*
Lace (Language for Assembly of Classes in Eiffel) is case insensitive, but the
style guide lines are not. If you prefer case insensitive highlighting, just
define the vim variable 'lace_case_insensitive' in your startup file:
:let lace_case_insensitive=1
LEX *lex.vim* *lex-syntax*
Lex uses brute-force synchronizing as the "^%%$" section delimiter
gives no clue as to what section follows. Consequently, the value for
:syn sync minlines=300
may be changed by the user if s/he is experiencing synchronization
difficulties (such as may happen with large lex files).
LITE *lite.vim* *lite-syntax*
There are two options for the lite syntax highlighting.
If you like SQL syntax highlighting inside Strings, use this:
:let lite_sql_query = 1
For syncing, minlines defaults to 100. If you prefer another value, you can
set "lite_minlines" to the value you desire. Example:
:let lite_minlines = 200
LPC *lpc.vim* *lpc-syntax*
LPC stands for a simple, memory-efficient language: Lars Pensj| C. The
file name of LPC is usually *.c. Recognizing these files as LPC would bother
users writing only C programs. If you want to use LPC syntax in Vim, you
should set a variable in your .vimrc file:
:let lpc_syntax_for_c = 1
If it doesn't work properly for some particular C or LPC files, use a
modeline. For a LPC file:
// vim:set ft=lpc:
For a C file that is recognized as LPC:
// vim:set ft=c:
If you don't want to set the variable, use the modeline in EVERY LPC file.
There are several implementations for LPC, we intend to support most widely
used ones. Here the default LPC syntax is for MudOS series, for MudOS v22
and before, you should turn off the sensible modifiers, and this will also
asserts the new efuns after v22 to be invalid, don't set this variable when
you are using the latest version of MudOS:
:let lpc_pre_v22 = 1
For LpMud 3.2 series of LPC:
:let lpc_compat_32 = 1
For LPC4 series of LPC:
:let lpc_use_lpc4_syntax = 1
For uLPC series of LPC:
uLPC has been developed to Pike, so you should use Pike syntax
instead, and the name of your source file shoud be *.pike
LUA *lua.vim* *lua-syntax*
This syntax file may be used for Lua 4.0 and Lua 5.0 (default). If you are
programming in Lua 4.0, use this:
:let lua_version = 4
If lua_version variable doesn't exist, it is set to 5.
MAPLE *maple.vim* *maple-syntax*
Maple V, by Waterloo Maple Inc, supports symbolic algebra. The language
supports many packages of functions which are selectively loaded by the user.
The standard set of packages' functions as supplied in Maple V release 4 may be
highlighted at the user's discretion. Users may place in their .vimrc file:
:let mvpkg_all= 1
to get all package functions highlighted, or users may select any subset by
choosing a variable/package from the table below and setting that variable to
1, also in their .vimrc file (prior to sourcing
$VIMRUNTIME/syntax/syntax.vim).
Table of Maple V Package Function Selectors
mv_DEtools mv_genfunc mv_networks mv_process
mv_Galois mv_geometry mv_numapprox mv_simplex
mv_GaussInt mv_grobner mv_numtheory mv_stats
mv_LREtools mv_group mv_orthopoly mv_student
mv_combinat mv_inttrans mv_padic mv_sumtools
mv_combstruct mv_liesymm mv_plots mv_tensor
mv_difforms mv_linalg mv_plottools mv_totorder
mv_finance mv_logic mv_powseries
MOO *moo.vim* *moo-syntax*
If you use C-style comments inside expressions and find it mangles your
highlighting, you may want to use extended (slow!) matches for C-style
comments:
:let moo_extended_cstyle_comments = 1
To disable highlighting of pronoun substitution patterns inside strings:
:let moo_no_pronoun_sub = 1
To disable highlighting of the regular expression operator '%|', and matching
'%(' and '%)' inside strings:
:let moo_no_regexp = 1
Unmatched double quotes can be recognized and highlighted as errors:
:let moo_unmatched_quotes = 1
To highlight builtin properties (.name, .location, .programmer etc.):
:let moo_builtin_properties = 1
Unknown builtin functions can be recognized and highlighted as errors. If you
use this option, add your own extensions to the mooKnownBuiltinFunction group.
To enable this option:
:let moo_unknown_builtin_functions = 1
An example of adding sprintf() to the list of known builtin functions:
:syn keyword mooKnownBuiltinFunction sprintf contained
MSQL *msql.vim* *msql-syntax*
There are two options for the msql syntax highlighting.
If you like SQL syntax highlighting inside Strings, use this:
:let msql_sql_query = 1
For syncing, minlines defaults to 100. If you prefer another value, you can
set "msql_minlines" to the value you desire. Example:
:let msql_minlines = 200
NCF *ncf.vim* *ncf-syntax*
There is one option for NCF syntax highlighting.
If you want to have unrecognized (by ncf.vim) statements highlighted as
errors, use this:
:let ncf_highlight_unknowns = 1
If you don't want to highlight these errors, leave it unset.
NROFF *nroff.vim* *nroff-syntax*
The nroff syntax file works with AT&T n/troff out of the box, but you
will notice that GNU groff's highlighting does not. You need to
activate the extra features included in the syntax file.
If you are using GNU groff, which is the case in all distributions of
Linux and BSD, use:
:let b:nroff_is_groff = 1
to activate these extra features.
groff is different to old AT&T n/troff. Unlike the latter, macro and
request names can be longer than 2 characters and there are extensions
to the language primitives. For example, in AT&T troff you may access
the year as a 2-digit number with the request \(yr. In groff you can
use the same request, recognized for compatibility, or you can use
groff's native syntax, \[yr]. Or, you can use a 4-digit year directly:
\[year]. Macro requests can be longer than 2 characters, for example,
GNU mm accepts the requests ".VERBON" and ".VERBOFF" for creating
verbatim environments.
You should not leave empty spaces at the end of lines nor more than
one space after a end-of-sentence period, exclamation mark, etc., in
text that will be processed by any version of n/troff because it
interferes with the line breaking algorithm. Unlike TeX, troff fills
text line-by-line, not paragraph-by-paragraph and furthermore, it does
not have a concept of glue or stretch, all space input will be output
as is, thus you should be careful of not using more space between
sentences than you intend to have in your final document. For
this reason, the common practice is to insert a carriage return
immediately after all punctuation marks. If you want more "even" text,
you need to take care of maintaining regular spacing. To mark
both trailing spaces and two or more spaces after a punctuation
as an error, use:
:let nroff_space_errors = 1
Another technique to detect extra spacing and other errors that
will interfere with correct typesetting of your file, is to define
an eye-catching highliting definition for the syntax groups
nroffDefinition and nroffDefSpecial in your configuration
files. For example:
hi def nroffDefinition term=italic cterm=italic gui=reverse
hi def nroffDefSpecial term=italic,bold cterm=italic,bold
\ gui=reverse,bold
If you want to navigate to preprocessor entries in your source
file, as easily as to section markers, you can activate the following
option in your .vimrc file:
let b:preprocs_as_sections = 1
As well, the syntax file adds an extra paragraph marker for the
exdented paragraph macro (.XP) in the ms package.
Finally, there is a |groff.vim| syntax file that can be used for
enabling groff syntax highlighting globally by default.
OCAML *ocaml.vim* *ocaml-syntax*
The OCaml syntax file handles files having the following prefixes: .ml,
.mli, .mll and .mly. By setting the following variable
:let ocaml_revised = 1
you can switch from standard OCaml-syntax to revised syntax as supported
by the camlp4 preprocessor. Setting the variable
:let ocaml_noend_error = 1
prevents highlighting of "end" as error, which is useful when sources
contain very long structures that Vim does not synchronize anymore.
PAPP *papp.vim* *papp-syntax*
The PApp syntax file handles .papp files and, to a lesser extend, .pxml
and .pxsl files which are all a mixture of perl/xml/html/other using xml
as the top-level file format. By default everything inside phtml or pxml
sections is treated as a string with embedded preprocessor commands. If
you set the variable:
:let papp_include_html=1
in your startup file it will try to syntax-hilight html code inside phtml
sections, but this is relatively slow and much too colourful to be able to
edit sensibly ;)
The newest version of the papp.vim syntax file can usually be found at
http://papp.plan9.de.
PASCAL *pascal.vim* *pascal-syntax*
Files matching "*.p" could be Progress or Pascal. If the automatic detection
doesn't work for you, or you don't edit Progress at all, use this in your
startup vimrc:
:let filetype_p = "pascal"
The Pascal syntax file has been extended to take into account some extensions
provided by Turbo Pascal, Free Pascal Compiler and GNU Pascal Compiler.
Delphi keywords are also supported. By default, Turbo Pascal 7.0 features are
enabled. If you prefer to stick with the standard Pascal keywords, add the
following line to your startup file:
:let pascal_traditional=1
To switch on Delphi specific constructions (such as one-line comments,
keywords, etc):
:let pascal_delphi=1
The option pascal_symbol_operator controls whether symbol operators such as +,
*, .., etc. are displayed using the Operator color or not. To colorize symbol
operators, add the following line to your startup file:
:let pascal_symbol_operator=1
Some functions are highlighted by default. To switch it off:
:let pascal_no_functions=1
Furthermore, there are specific variable for some compiler. Besides
pascal_delphi, there are pascal_gpc and pascal_fpc. Default extensions try to
match Turbo Pascal.
:let pascal_gpc=1
or
:let pascal_fpc=1
To ensure that strings are defined on a single line, you can define the
pascal_one_line_string variable.
:let pascal_one_line_string=1
If you dislike <Tab> chars, you can set the pascal_no_tabs variable. Tabs
will be highlighted as Error.
:let pascal_no_tabs=1
PERL *perl.vim* *perl-syntax*
There are a number of possible options to the perl syntax highlighting.
If you use POD files or POD segments, you might:
:let perl_include_pod = 1
To handle package references in variable and function names differently from
the rest of the name (like 'PkgName::' in '$PkgName::VarName'):
:let perl_want_scope_in_variables = 1
If you want complex things like '@{${"foo"}}' to be parsed:
:let perl_extended_vars = 1
The coloring strings can be changed. By default strings and qq friends will be
highlighted like the first line. If you set the variable
perl_string_as_statement, it will be highlighted as in the second line.
"hello world!"; qq|hello world|;
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^NN^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^N (unlet perl_string_as_statement)
S^^^^^^^^^^^^SNNSSS^^^^^^^^^^^^N (let perl_string_as_statement)
(^ = perlString, S = perlStatement, N = None at all)
The syncing has 3 options. The first two switch off some triggering of
synchronization and should only be needed in case it fails to work properly.
If while scrolling all of a sudden the whole screen changes color completely
then you should try and switch off one of those. Let me know if you can figure
out the line that causes the mistake.
One triggers on "^\s*sub\s*" and the other on "^[$@%]" more or less.
:let perl_no_sync_on_sub
:let perl_no_sync_on_global_var
Below you can set the maximum distance VIM should look for starting points for
its attempts in syntax highlighting.
:let perl_sync_dist = 100
For the "<<xxx" construct (here Documents), Vim can't check for any value of
"xxx". If you have a choice use "<<EOF ... EOF", then the highlighting will
work.
If you want to use folding with perl, set perl_fold:
:let perl_fold = 1
PHP3 and PHP4 *php.vim* *php3.vim* *php-syntax* *php3-syntax*
[note: previously this was called "php3", but since it now also supports php4
it has been renamed to "php"]
There are the following options for the php syntax highlighting.
If you like SQL syntax highlighting inside Strings:
let php_sql_query = 1
For highlighting the Baselib methods:
let php_baselib = 1
Enable HTML syntax highlighting inside strings:
let php_htmlInStrings = 1
Using the old colorstyle:
let php_oldStyle = 1
Enable highlighting ASP-style short tags:
let php_asp_tags = 1
Disable short tags:
let php_noShortTags = 1
For highlighting parent error ] or ):
let php_parent_error_close = 1
For skipping an php end tag, if there exists an open ( or [ without a closing
one:
let php_parent_error_open = 1
Enable folding for classes and functions:
let php_folding = 1
Selecting syncing method:
let php_sync_method = x
x = -1 to sync by search (default),
x > 0 to sync at least x lines backwards,
x = 0 to sync from start.
PPWIZARD *ppwiz.vim* *ppwiz-syntax*
PPWizard is a preprocessor for HTML and OS/2 INF files
This syntax file has the options:
- ppwiz_highlight_defs : determines highlighting mode for PPWizard's
definitions. Possible values are
ppwiz_highlight_defs = 1 : PPWizard #define statements retain the
colors of their contents (e. g. PPWizard macros and variables)
ppwiz_highlight_defs = 2 : preprocessor #define and #evaluate
statements are shown in a single color with the exception of line
continuation symbols
The default setting for ppwiz_highlight_defs is 1.
- ppwiz_with_html : If the value is 1 (the default), highlight literal
HTML code; if 0, treat HTML code like ordinary text.
PHTML *phtml.vim* *phtml-syntax*
There are two options for the phtml syntax highlighting.
If you like SQL syntax highlighting inside Strings, use this:
:let phtml_sql_query = 1
For syncing, minlines defaults to 100. If you prefer another value, you can
set "phtml_minlines" to the value you desire. Example:
:let phtml_minlines = 200
POSTSCRIPT *postscr.vim* *postscr-syntax*
There are several options when it comes to highlighting PostScript.
First which version of the PostScript language to highlight. There are
currently three defined language versions, or levels. Level 1 is the original
and base version, and includes all extensions prior to the release of level 2.
Level 2 is the most common version around, and includes its own set of
extensions prior to the release of level 3. Level 3 is currently the highest
level supported. You select which level of the PostScript language you want
highlighted by defining the postscr_level variable as follows:
:let postscr_level=2
If this variable is not defined it defaults to 2 (level 2) since this is
the most prevalent version currently.
Note, not all PS interpreters will support all language features for a
particular language level. In particular the %!PS-Adobe-3.0 at the start of
PS files does NOT mean the PostScript present is level 3 PostScript!
If you are working with Display PostScript, you can include highlighting of
Display PS language features by defining the postscr_display variable as
follows:
:let postscr_display=1
If you are working with Ghostscript, you can include highlighting of
Ghostscript specific language features by defining the variable
postscr_ghostscript as follows:
:let postscr_ghostscript=1
PostScript is a large language, with many predefined elements. While it
useful to have all these elements highlighted, on slower machines this can
cause Vim to slow down. In an attempt to be machine friendly font names and
character encodings are not highlighted by default. Unless you are working
explicitly with either of these this should be ok. If you want them to be
highlighted you should set one or both of the following variables:
:let postscr_fonts=1
:let postscr_encodings=1
There is a stylistic option to the highlighting of and, or, and not. In
PostScript the function of these operators depends on the types of their
operands - if the operands are booleans then they are the logical operators,
if they are integers then they are binary operators. As binary and logical
operators can be highlighted differently they have to be highlighted one way
or the other. By default they are treated as logical operators. They can be
highlighted as binary operators by defining the variable
postscr_andornot_binary as follows:
:let postscr_andornot_binary=1
*ptcap.vim*
PRINTCAP + TERMCAP *ptcap-syntax* *termcap-syntax* *printcap-syntax*
This syntax file applies to the printcap and termcap databases.
In order for Vim to recognize printcap/termcap files that do not match
the patterns *printcap*, or *termcap*, you must put additional patterns
appropriate to your system in your |myfiletypefile| file. For these
patterns, you must set the variable "b:ptcap_type" to either "print" or
"term", and then the 'filetype' option to ptcap.
For example, to make Vim identify all files in /etc/termcaps/ as termcap
files, add the following:
:au BufNewFile,BufRead /etc/termcaps/* let b:ptcap_type = "term" |
\ set filetype=ptcap
If you notice highlighting errors while scrolling backwards, which
are fixed when redrawing with CTRL-L, try setting the "ptcap_minlines"
internal variable to a larger number:
let ptcap_minlines = 50
(The default is 20 lines.)
PROGRESS *progress.vim* *progress-syntax*
Files matching "*.w" could be Progress or cweb. If the automatic detection
doesn't work for you, or you don't edit cweb at all, use this in your
startup vimrc:
:let filetype_w = "progress"
The same happens for "*.i", which could be assembly, and "*.p", which could be
Pascal. Use this if you don't use assembly and Pascal:
:let filetype_i = "progress"
:let filetype_p = "progress"
PYTHON *python.vim* *python-syntax*
There are four options to control Python syntax highlighting.
For highlighted numbers:
:let python_highlight_numbers = 1
For highlighted builtin functions:
:let python_highlight_builtins = 1
For highlighted standard exceptions:
:let python_highlight_exceptions = 1
If you want all possible Python highlighting (the same as setting the
preceding three options):
:let python_highlight_all = 1
QUAKE *quake.vim* *quake-syntax*
The Quake syntax defininition should work for most any FPS (First Person
Shooter) based on one of the Quake engines. However, the command names vary
a bit between the three games (Quake, Quake 2, and Quake 3 Arena) so the
syntax definition checks for the existence of three global variables to allow
users to specify what commands are legal in their files. The three variables
can be set for the following effects:
set to highlight commands only available in Quake:
:let quake_is_quake1 = 1
set to highlight commands only available in Quake 2:
:let quake_is_quake2 = 1
set to highlight commands only available in Quake 3 Arena:
:let quake_is_quake3 = 1
Any combination of these three variables is legal, but might highlight more
commands than are actually available to you by the game.
READLINE *readline.vim* *readline-syntax*
The readline library is primarily used by the BASH shell, which adds quite a
few commands and options to the ones already available. To highlight these
items as well you can add the following to your |vimrc| or just type it in the
command line before loading a file with the readline syntax:
let readline_has_bash = 1
This will add highlighting for the commands that BASH (version 2.05a and
later, and part earlier) adds.
REXX *rexx.vim* *rexx-syntax*
If you notice highlighting errors while scrolling backwards, which are fixed
when redrawing with CTRL-L, try setting the "rexx_minlines" internal variable
to a larger number:
:let rexx_minlines = 50
This will make the syntax synchronization start 50 lines before the first
displayed line. The default value is 10. The disadvantage of using a larger
number is that redrawing can become slow.
RUBY *ruby.vim* *ruby-syntax*
There are a few options to the Ruby syntax highlighting.
By default, the "end" keyword is colorized according to the opening statement
of the block it closes. While useful, this feature can be expensive: if you
experience slow redrawing (or you are on a terminal with poor color support)
you may want to turn it off by defining the "ruby_no_expensive" variable:
:let ruby_no_expensive = 1
In this case the same color will be used for all control keywords.
If you do want this feature enabled, but notice highlighting errors while
scrolling backwards, which are fixed when redrawing with CTRL-L, try setting
the "ruby_minlines" variable to a value larger than 50:
:let ruby_minlines = 100
Ideally, this value should be a number of lines large enough to embrace your
largest class or module.
Finally, if you do not like to see too many color items around, you can define
"ruby_no_identifiers":
:let ruby_no_identifiers = 1
This will prevent highlighting of special identifiers like "ConstantName",
"$global_var", "@instace_var", "| iterator |", and ":symbol".
SDL *sdl.vim* *sdl-syntax*
The SDL highlighting probably misses a few keywords, but SDL has so many
of them it's almost impossibly to cope.
The new standard, SDL-2000, specifies that all identifiers are
case-sensitive (which was not so before), and that all keywords can be
used either completely lowercase or completely uppercase. To have the
highlighting reflect this, you can set the following variable:
:let sdl_2000=1
This also sets many new keywords. If you want to disable the old
keywords, which is probably a good idea, use:
:let SDL_no_96=1
The indentation is probably also incomplete, but right now I am very
satisfied with it for my own projects.
The last thing is a little PO-editing helper. It adds a couple of menu
entries. Though it doesn't do much, I find it extremely helpful for
translating PO files. I just won't use Emacs, you know.
SED *sed.vim* *sed-syntax*
To make tabs stand out from regular blanks (accomplished by using Todo
highlighting on the tabs), define "highlight_sedtabs" by putting
:let highlight_sedtabs = 1
in the vimrc file. (This special highlighting only applies for tabs
inside search patterns, replacement texts, addresses or text included
by an Append/Change/Insert command.) If you enable this option, it is
also a good idea to set the tab width to one character; by doing that,
you can easily count the number of tabs in a string.
Bugs:
The transform command (y) is treated exactly like the substitute
command. This means that, as far as this syntax file is concerned,
transform accepts the same flags as substitute, which is wrong.
(Transform accepts no flags.) I tolerate this bug because the
involved commands need very complex treatment (95 patterns, one for
each plausible pattern delimiter).
SGML *sgml.vim* *sgml-syntax*
The coloring scheme for tags in the SGML file works as follows.
The <> of opening tags are colored differently than the </> of a closing tag.
This is on purpose! For opening tags the 'Function' color is used, while for
closing tags the 'Type' color is used (See syntax.vim to check how those are
defined for you)
Known tag names are colored the same way as statements in C. Unknown tag
names are not colored which makes it easy to spot errors.
Note that the same is true for argument (or attribute) names. Known attribute
names are colored differently than unknown ones.
Some SGML tags are used to change the rendering of text. The following tags
are recognized by the sgml.vim syntax coloring file and change the way normal
text is shown: <varname> <emphasis> <command> <function> <literal>
<replaceable> <ulink> and <link>.
If you want to change how such text is rendered, you must redefine the
following syntax groups:
- sgmlBold
- sgmlBoldItalic
- sgmlUnderline
- sgmlItalic
- sgmlLink for links
To make this redefinition work you must redefine them all and define the
following variable in your vimrc (this is due to the order in which the files
are read during initialization)
let sgml_my_rendering=1
You can also disable this rendering by adding the following line to your
vimrc file:
let sgml_no_rendering=1
(Adapted from the html.vim help text by Claudio Fleiner <claudio@fleiner.com>)
SH *sh.vim* *sh-syntax*
This covers the "normal" Unix (Bourne) sh, bash and the Korn shell.
Vim attempts to determine which shell type is in use by specifying that
various filenames are of specific types:
ksh : .kshrc* *.ksh
bash: .bashrc* bashrc bash.bashrc .bash_profile* *.bash
If neither of these cases pertain, then the first line of the file is examined
(ex. /bin/sh /bin/ksh /bin/bash). If the first line specifies a shelltype,
then that shelltype is used. However some files (ex. .profile) are known to
be shell files but the type is not apparent. One may specify buffer specific
variables prior to sourcing the <sh.vim> syntax file (b:is_kornshell,
b:is_bash, or b:is_sh) so that the associated shell type will be used. One
may also specify a global default by instantiating one of the following
three variables:
ksh : is_kornshell
bash: is_bash
sh : is_sh
One may also specify that what looks like the "sh" shell is actually
to be interpreted as a bash shell by setting 'bash_is_sh'. It is
best to set any of these global variables in your '.vimrc' file.
To choose between the two ways to treat single-quotes inside a pair of
double-quotes, I have introduced a Vim variable "highlight_balanced_quotes".
By default (ie by not declaring this variable) single quotes can be used
inside double quotes, and are not highlighted. If you prefer balanced single
quotes as I do you just make the statement in your .vimrc file:
:let highlight_balanced_quotes = 1
Similarly I have introduced another vim variable "highlight_function_name" to be
used to enable/disable highlighting of the function-name in function
declarations. The default is not to highlight the function name. If you want to
highlight function names, include this in your .vimrc file:
:let highlight_function_name = 1
If you notice highlighting errors while scrolling backwards, which are fixed
when redrawing with CTRL-L, try setting the "sh_minlines" internal variable
to a larger number:
:let sh_minlines = 200
This will make the syntax synchronization start 200 lines before the first
displayed line. The default value is 100. The disadvantage of using a larger
number is that redrawing can become slow.
If you don't have much to synchronize on, displaying can be very slow. To
reduce this, the "sh_maxlines" internal variable can be set:
:let sh_maxlines = 100
The default is to use the double of "sh_minlines". Set it to a smaller number
to speed up displaying. The disadvantage is that highlight errors may appear.
SPEEDUP (AspenTech plant simulator) *spup.vim* *spup-syntax*
The Speedup syntax file has some options:
- strict_subsections : If this variable is defined, only keywords for
sections and subsections will be highlighted as statements but not
other keywords (like WITHIN in the OPERATION section).
- highlight_types : Definition of this variable causes stream types
like temperature or pressure to be highlighted as Type, not as a
plain Identifier. Included are the types that are usually found in
the DECLARE section; if you defined own types, you have to include
them in the syntax file.
- oneline_comments : this value ranges from 1 to 3 and determines the
highlighting of # style comments.
oneline_comments = 1 : allow normal Speedup code after an even
number of #s.
oneline_comments = 2 : show code starting with the second # as
error. This is the default setting.
oneline_comments = 3 : show the whole line as error if it contains
more than one #.
Since especially OPERATION sections tend to become very large due to
PRESETting variables, syncing may be critical. If your computer is
fast enough, you can increase minlines and/or maxlines near the end of
the syntax file.
TEX *tex.vim* *tex-syntax*
The tex highlighting supports TeX, LaTeX, and some AmsTeX. The
highlighting supports three primary zones: normal, texZone, and texMathZone.
Although a considerable effort has been made to have these zones terminate
properly, zones delineated by $..$ and $$..$$ cannot be synchronized as
there's no difference between start and end patterns. Consequently, a
special "TeX comment" has been provided
%stopzone
which will forcibly terminate the highlighting of either a texZone or a
texMathZone.
If you have a slow computer, you may wish to reduce the values for
:syn sync maxlines=200
:syn sync minlines=50
(especially the latter). If your computer is fast, you may wish to
increase them. This primarily affects synchronizing (ie. just what group,
if any, is the text at the top of the screen supposed to be in?).
The <tex.vim> supports lexical error checking of various sorts. Thus,
although the error checking is ofttimes very useful, it can indicate
errors where none actually are. If this proves to be a problem for you,
you may put in your <.vimrc> the following statement:
let tex_no_error=1
and all error checking by <tex.vim> will be suppressed.
TF *tf.vim* *tf-syntax*
There is one option for the tf syntax highlighting.
For syncing, minlines defaults to 100. If you prefer another value, you can
set "tf_minlines" to the value you desire. Example:
:let tf_minlines = your choice
VIM *vim.vim* *vim-syntax*
There is one option available for <vim.vim>, accessed via the g:vimembedscript
global variable. The option allows for somewhat faster loading of syntax
highlighting for vim scripts at the expense of supporting syntax highlighting
for external scripting languages (currently perl, python, ruby, and tcl).
g:vimembedscript == 1 (default) <vim.vim> will allow highlighting
g:vimembedscript doesn't exist of suported embedded scripting
languages: perl, python, ruby and
tcl.
g:vimembedscript == 0 Syntax highlighting for embedded
scripting languages will not be
loaded.
XF86CONFIG *xf86conf.vim* *xf86conf-syntax*
The syntax of XF86Config file differs in XFree86 v3.x and v4.x. Both
variants are supported. Automatic detection is used, but is far from perfect.
You may need to specify the version manually. Set the variable
xf86conf_xfree86_version to 3 or 4 according to your XFree86 version in
your .vimrc. Example:
:let xf86conf_xfree86_version=3
When using a mix of versions, set the b:xf86conf_xfree86_version variable.
Note that spaces and underscores in option names are not supported. Use
"SyncOnGreen" instead of "__s yn con gr_e_e_n" if you want the option name
highlighted.
XML *xml.vim* *xml-syntax*
Xml namespaces are highlighted by default. This can be inhibited by
setting a global variable:
:let g:xml_namespace_transparent=1
*xml-folding*
The xml syntax file provides syntax |folding| (see |:syn-fold|) between
start and end tags. This can be turned on by
:set foldmethod=syntax
X Pixmaps (XPM) *xpm.vim* *xpm-syntax*
xpm.vim creates its syntax items dynamically based upon the contents of the
XPM file. Thus if you make changes e.g. in the color specification strings,
you have to source it again e.g. with ":set syn=xpm".
To copy a pixel with one of the colors, yank a "pixel" with "yl" and insert it
somewhere else with "P".
Do you want to draw with the mouse? Try the following:
:function! GetPixel()
: let c = getline(line("."))[col(".") - 1]
: echo c
: exe "noremap <LeftMouse> <LeftMouse>r".c
: exe "noremap <LeftDrag> <LeftMouse>r".c
:endfunction
:noremap <RightMouse> <LeftMouse>:call GetPixel()<CR>
:set guicursor=n:hor20 " to see the color beneath the cursor
This turns the right button into a pipette and the left button into a pen.
It will work with XPM files that have one character per pixel only and you
must not click outside of the pixel strings, but feel free to improve it.
It will look much better with a font in a quadratic cell size, e.g. for X:
:set guifont=-*-clean-medium-r-*-*-8-*-*-*-*-80-*
==============================================================================
5. Defining a syntax *:syn-define* *E410*
Vim understands three types of syntax items:
1. Keyword.
It can only contain keyword characters, according to the 'iskeyword'
option. It cannot contain other syntax items. It will only match with a
complete word (there are no keyword characters before or after the match).
The keyword "if" would match in "if(a=b)", but not in "ifdef x", because
"(" is not a keyword character and "d" is.
2. Match.
This is a match with a single regexp pattern.
3. Region.
This starts at a match of the "start" regexp pattern and ends with a match
with the "end" regexp pattern. Any other text can appear in between. A
"skip" regexp pattern can be used to avoid matching the "end" pattern.
Several syntax ITEMs can be put into one syntax GROUP. For a syntax group
you can give highlighting attributes. For example, you could have an item
to define a "/* .. */" comment and another one that defines a "// .." comment,
and put them both in the "Comment" group. You can then specify that a
"Comment" will be in bold font and have a blue color. You are free to make
one highlight group for one syntax item, or put all items into one group.
This depends on how you want to specify your highlighting attributes. Putting
each item in its own group results in having to specify the highlighting
for a lot of groups.
Note that a syntax group and a highlight group are similar. For a highlight
group you will have given highlight attributes. These attributes will be used
for the syntax group with the same name.
In case more than one item matches at the same position, the one that was
defined LAST wins. Thus you can override previously defined syntax items by
using an item that matches the same text. But a keyword always goes before a
match or region. And a keyword with matching case always goes before a
keyword with ignoring case.
DEFINING CASE *:syn-case* *E390*
:sy[ntax] case [match|ignore]
This defines if the following ":syntax" commands will work with
matching case, when using "match", or with ignoring case, when using
"ignore". Note that any items before this are not affected, and all
items until the next ":syntax case" command are affected.
DEFINING KEYWORDS *:syn-keyword*
:sy[ntax] keyword {group-name} [{options}] {keyword} .. [{options}]
This defines a number of keywords.
{group-name} Is a syntax group name such as "Comment".
[{options}] See |:syn-arguments| below.
{keyword} .. Is a list of keywords which are part of this group.
Example:
:syntax keyword Type int long char
The {options} can be given anywhere in the line. They will apply to
all keywords given, also for options that come after a keyword.
These examples do exactly the same:
:syntax keyword Type contained int long char
:syntax keyword Type int long contained char
:syntax keyword Type int long char contained
When you have a keyword with an optional tail, like Ex commands in
Vim, you can put the optional characters inside [], to define all the
variations at once:
:syntax keyword VimCommand ab[breviate] n[ext]
Don't forget that a keyword can only be recognized if all the
characters are included in the 'iskeyword' option. If one character
isn't, the keyword will never be recognized.
Multi-byte characters can also be used. These do not have to be in
'iskeyword'.
A keyword always has higher priority than a match or region, the
keyword is used if more than one item matches. Keywords do not nest
and a keyword can't contain anything else.
Note that when you have a keyword that is the same as an option (even
one that isn't allowed here), you can not use it. Use a match
instead.
The maximum length of a keyword is 80 characters.
The same keyword can be defined multiple times, when its containment
differs. For example, you can define the keyword once not contained
and use one highlight group, and once contained, and use a different
highlight group. Example:
:syn keyword vimCommand tag
:syn keyword vimSetting contained tag
When finding "tag" outside of any syntax item, the "vimCommand"
highlight group is used. When finding "tag" in a syntax item that
contains "vimSetting", the "vimSetting" group is used.
DEFINING MATCHES *:syn-match*
:sy[ntax] match {group-name} [{options}] [excludenl] {pattern} [{options}]
This defines one match.
{group-name} A syntax group name such as "Comment".
[{options}] See |:syn-arguments| below.
[excludenl] Don't make a pattern with the end-of-line "$"
extend a containing match or region. Must be
given before the pattern. |:syn-excludenl|
{pattern} The search pattern that defines the match.
See |:syn-pattern| below.
Note that the pattern may match more than one
line, which makes the match depend on where
Vim starts searching for the pattern. You
need to make sure syncing takes care of this.
Example (match a character constant):
:syntax match Character /'.'/hs=s+1,he=e-1
DEFINING REGIONS *:syn-region* *:syn-start* *:syn-skip* *:syn-end*
*E398* *E399*
:sy[ntax] region {group-name} [{options}]
[matchgroup={group-name}]
[keepend]
[extend]
[excludenl]
start={start_pattern} ..
[skip={skip_pattern}]
end={end_pattern} ..
[{options}]
This defines one region. It may span several lines.
{group-name} A syntax group name such as "Comment".
[{options}] See |:syn-arguments| below.
[matchgroup={group-name}] The syntax group to use for the following
start or end pattern matches only. Not used
for the text in between the matched start and
end patterns. Use NONE to reset to not using
a different group for the start or end match.
See |:syn-matchgroup|.
keepend Don't allow contained matches to go past a
match with the end pattern. See
|:syn-keepend|.
extend Override a "keepend" for an item this region
is contained in. See |:syn-extend|.
excludenl Don't make a pattern with the end-of-line "$"
extend a containing match or item. Only
useful for end patterns. Must be given before
the patterns it applies to. |:syn-excludenl|
start={start_pattern} The search pattern that defines the start of
the region. See |:syn-pattern| below.
skip={skip_pattern} The search pattern that defines text inside
the region where not to look for the end
pattern. See |:syn-pattern| below.
end={end_pattern} The search pattern that defines the end of
the region. See |:syn-pattern| below.
Example:
:syntax region String start=+"+ skip=+\\"+ end=+"+
The start/skip/end patterns and the options can be given in any order.
There can be zero or one skip pattern. There must be one or more
start and end patterns. This means that you can omit the skip
pattern, but you must give at least one start and one end pattern. It
is allowed to have white space before and after the equal sign
(although it mostly looks better without white space).
When more than one start pattern is given, a match with one of these
is sufficient. This means there is an OR relation between the start
patterns. The last one that matches is used. The same is true for
the end patterns.
The search for the end pattern starts right after the start pattern.
Offsets are not used for this. This implies that the match for the
end pattern will never overlap with the start pattern.
The skip and end pattern can match across line breaks, but since the
search for the pattern can start in any line it often does not do what
you want. The skip pattern doesn't avoid a match of an end pattern in
the next line. Use single-line patterns to avoid trouble.
Note: The decision to start a region is only based on a matching start
pattern. There is no check for a matching end pattern. This does NOT
work:
:syn region First start="(" end=":"
:syn region Second start="(" end=";"
The Second always matches before the First (last defined pattern has
higher priority). The Second region then continues until the next
';', no matter if there is a ':' before it. Using a match does work:
:syn match First "(\_.\{-}:"
:syn match Second "(\_.\{-};"
This pattern matches any character or line break with "\_." and
repeats that with "\{-}" (repeat as few as possible).
*:syn-keepend*
By default, a contained match can obscure a match for the end pattern.
This is useful for nesting. For example, a region that starts with
"{" and ends with "}", can contain another region. An encountered "}"
will then end the contained region, but not the outer region:
{ starts outer "{}" region
{ starts contained "{}" region
} ends contained "{}" region
} ends outer "{} region
If you don't want this, the "keepend" argument will make the matching
of an end pattern of the outer region also end any contained item.
This makes it impossible to nest the same region, but allows for
contained items to highlight parts of the end pattern, without causing
that to skip the match with the end pattern. Example:
:syn match VimComment +"[^"]\+$+
:syn region VimCommand start="set" end="$" contains=VimComment keepend
The "keepend" makes the VimCommand always end at the end of the line,
even though the contained VimComment includes a match with the <EOL>.
When "keepend" is not used, a match with an end pattern is retried
after each contained match. When "keepend" is included, the first
encountered match with an end pattern is used, truncating any
contained matches.
*:syn-extend*
The "keepend" behavior can be changed by using the "extend" argument.
When an item with "extend" is contained in an item that uses
"keepend", the "keepend" is ignored and the containing region will be
extended.
This can be used to have some contained items extend a region while
others don't. Example:
:syn region htmlRef start=+<a>+ end=+</a>+ keepend contains=htmlItem,htmlScript
:syn match htmlItem +<[^>]*>+ contained
:syn region htmlScript start=+<script+ end=+</script[^>]*>+ contained extend
Here the htmlItem item does not make the htmlRef item continue
further, it is only used to highlight the <> items. The htmlScript
item does extend the htmlRef item.
Another example:
:syn region xmlFold start="<a>" end="</a>" fold transparent keepend extend
This defines a region with "keepend", so that its end cannot be
changed by contained items, like when the "</a>" is matched to
highlight it differently. But when the xmlFold region is nested (it
includes itself), the "extend" applies, so that the "</a>" of a nested
region only ends that region, and not the one it is contained in.
*:syn-excludenl*
When a pattern for a match or end pattern of a region includes a '$'
to match the end-of-line, it will make a region item that it is
contained in continue on the next line. For example, a match with
"\\$" (backslash at the end of the line) can make a region continue
that would normally stop at the end of the line. This is the default
behavior. If this is not wanted, there are two ways to avoid it:
1. Use "keepend" for the containing item. This will keep all
contained matches from extending the match or region. It can be
used when all contained items must not extend the containing item.
2. Use "excludenl" in the contained item. This will keep that match
from extending the containing match or region. It can be used if
only some contained items must not extend the containing item.
"excludenl" must be given before the pattern it applies to.
*:syn-matchgroup*
"matchgroup" can be used to highlight the start and/or end pattern
differently than the body of the region. Example:
:syntax region String matchgroup=Quote start=+"+ skip=+\\"+ end=+"+
This will highlight the quotes with the "Quote" group, and the text in
between with the "String" group.
The "matchgroup" is used for all start and end patterns that follow,
until the next "matchgroup". Use "matchgroup=NONE" to go back to not
using a matchgroup.
In a start or end pattern that is highlighted with "matchgroup" the
contained items of the region are not used. This can be used to avoid
that a contained item matches in the start or end pattern match. When
using "transparent", this does not apply to a start or end pattern
match that is highlighted with "matchgroup".
Here is an example, which highlights three levels of parentheses in
different colors:
:sy region par1 matchgroup=par1 start=/(/ end=/)/ contains=par2
:sy region par2 matchgroup=par2 start=/(/ end=/)/ contains=par3 contained
:sy region par3 matchgroup=par3 start=/(/ end=/)/ contains=par1 contained
:hi par1 ctermfg=red guifg=red
:hi par2 ctermfg=blue guifg=blue
:hi par3 ctermfg=darkgreen guifg=darkgreen
==============================================================================
6. :syntax arguments *:syn-arguments*
The :syntax commands that define syntax items take a number of arguments.
The common ones are explained here. The arguments may be given in any order
and may be mixed with patterns.
Not all commands accept all arguments. This table shows which arguments
can not be used for all commands:
*E395* *E396*
contains oneline fold display extend
:syntax keyword - - - - -
:syntax match yes - yes yes yes
:syntax region yes yes yes yes yes
These arguments can be used for all three commands:
contained
containedin
nextgroup
transparent
skipwhite
skipnl
skipempty
contained *:syn-contained*
When the "contained" argument is given, this item will not be recognized at
the top level, but only when it is mentioned in the "contains" field of
another match. Example:
:syntax keyword Todo TODO contained
:syntax match Comment "//.*" contains=Todo
display *:syn-display*
If the "display" argument is given, this item will be skipped when the
detected highlighting will not be displayed. This will speed up highlighting,
by skipping this item when only finding the syntax state for the text that is
to be displayed.
Generally, you can use "display" for match and region items that meet these
conditions:
- The item does not continue past the end of a line. Example for C: A region
for a "/*" comment can't contain "display", because it continues on the next
line.
- The item does not contain items that continue past the end of the line or
make it continue on the next line.
- The item does not change the size of any item it is contained in. Example
for C: A match with "\\$" in a preprocessor match can't have "display",
because it may make that preprocessor match shorter.
- The item does not allow other items to match that didn't match otherwise,
and that item may extend the match too far. Example for C: A match for a
"//" comment can't use "display", because a "/*" inside that comment would
match then and start a comment which extends past the end of the line.
Examples, for the C language, where "display" can be used:
- match with a number
- match with a label
transparent *:syn-transparent*
If the "transparent" argument is given, this item will not be highlighted
itself, but will take the highlighting of the item it is contained in. This
is useful for syntax items that don't need any highlighting but are used
only to skip over a part of the text.
The "contains=" argument is also inherited from the item it is contained in,
unless a "contains" argument is given for the transparent item itself. To
avoid that unwanted items are contained, use "contains=NONE". Example, which
highlights words in strings, but makes an exception for "vim":
:syn match myString /'[^']*'/ contains=myWord,myVim
:syn match myWord /\<[a-z]*\>/ contained
:syn match myVim /\<vim\>/ transparent contained contains=NONE
:hi link myString String
:hi link myWord Comment
Since the "myVim" match comes after "myWord" it is the preferred match (last
match in the same position overrules an earlier one). The "transparent"
argument makes the "myVim" match use the same highlighting as "myString". But
it does not contain anything. If the "contains=NONE" argument would be left
out, then "myVim" would use the contains argument from myString and allow
"myWord" to be contained, which will be highlighted as a Constant. This
happens because a contained match doesn't match inside itself in the same
position, thus the "myVim" match doesn't overrule the "myWord" match here.
When you look at the colored text, it is like looking at layers of contained
items. The contained item is on top of the item it is contained in, thus you
see the contained item. When a contained item is transparent, you can look
through, thus you see the item it is contained in. In a picture:
look from here
| | | | | |
V V V V V V
xxxx yyy more contained items
.................... contained item (transparent)
============================= first item
The 'x', 'y' and '=' represent a highlighted syntax item. The '.' represent a
transparent group.
What you see is:
=======xxxx=======yyy========
Thus you look through the transparent "....".
oneline *:syn-oneline*
The "oneline" argument indicates that the region does not cross a line
boundary. It must match completely in the current line. However, when the
region has a contained item that does cross a line boundary, it continues on
the next line anyway. A contained item can be used to recognize a line
continuation pattern. But the "end" pattern must still match in the first
line, otherwise the region doesn't even start.
When the start pattern includes a "\n" to match an end-of-line, the end
pattern must be found in the same line as where the start pattern ends. The
end pattern may also include an end-of-line. Thus the "oneline" argument
means that the end of the start pattern and the start of the end pattern must
be within one line. This can't be changed by a skip pattern that matches a
line break.
fold *:syn-fold*
The "fold" argument makes the fold level increased by one for this item.
Example:
:syn region myFold start="{" end="}" transparent fold
:syn sync fromstart
:set foldmethod=syntax
This will make each {} block form one fold.
The fold will start on the line where the item starts, and end where the item
ends. If the start and end are within the same line, there is no fold.
The 'foldnestmax' option limits the nesting of syntax folds.
{not available when Vim was compiled without |+folding| feature}
*:syn-contains* *E405* *E406* *E407* *E408* *E409*
contains={groupname},..
The "contains" argument is followed by a list of syntax group names. These
groups will be allowed to begin inside the item (they may extend past the
containing group's end). This allows for recursive nesting of matches and
regions. If there is no "contains" argument, no groups will be contained in
this item. The group names do not need to be defined before they can be used
here.
contains=ALL
If the only item in the contains list is "ALL", then all
groups will be accepted inside the item.
contains=ALLBUT,{group-name},..
If the first item in the contains list is "ALLBUT", then all
groups will be accepted inside the item, except the ones that
are listed. Example:
:syntax region Block start="{" end="}" ... contains=ALLBUT,Function
contains=TOP
If the first item in the contains list is "TOP", then all
groups will be accepted that don't have the "contained"
argument.
contains=TOP,{group-name},..
Like "TOP", but excluding the groups that are listed.
contains=CONTAINED
If the first item in the contains list is "CONTAINED", then
all groups will be accepted that have the "contained"
argument.
contains=CONTAINED,{group-name},..
Like "CONTAINED", but excluding the groups that are
listed.
The {group-name} in the "contains" list can be a pattern. All group names
that match the pattern will be included (or excluded, if "ALLBUT" is used).
The pattern cannot contain white space or a ','. Example:
... contains=Comment.*,Keyw[0-3]
The matching will be done at moment the syntax command is executed. Groups
that are defined later will not be matched. Also, if the current syntax
command defines a new group, it is not matched. Be careful: When putting
syntax commands in a file you can't rely on groups NOT being defined, because
the file may have been sourced before, and ":syn clear" doesn't remove the
group names.
The contained groups will also match in the start and end patterns of a
region. If this is not wanted, the "matchgroup" argument can be used
|:syn-matchgroup|. The "ms=" and "me=" offsets can be used to change the
region where contained items do match. Note that this may also limit the
area that is highlighted
containedin={groupname}... *:syn-containedin*
The "containedin" argument is followed by a list of syntax group names. The
item will be allowed to begin inside these groups. This works as if the
containing item has a "contains=" argument that includes this item.
The {groupname}... can be used just like for "contains", as explained above.
This is useful when adding a syntax item afterwards. An item can be told to
be included inside an already existing item, without changing the definition
of that item. For example, to highlight a word in a C comment after loading
the C syntax:
:syn keyword myword HELP containedin=cComment contained
Note that "contained" is also used, to avoid that the item matches at the top
level.
Matches for "containedin" are added to the other places where the item can
appear. A "contains" argument may also be added as usual. Don't forget that
keywords never contain another item, thus adding them to "containedin" won't
work.
nextgroup={groupname},.. *:syn-nextgroup*
The "nextgroup" argument is followed by a list of syntax group names,
separated by commas (just like with "contains", so you can also use patterns).
If the "nextgroup" argument is given, the mentioned syntax groups will be
tried for a match, after the match or region ends. If none of the groups have
a match, highlighting continues normally. If there is a match, this group
will be used, even when it is not mentioned in the "contains" field of the
current group. This is like giving the mentioned group priority over all
other groups. Example:
:syntax match ccFoobar "Foo.\{-}Bar" contains=ccFoo
:syntax match ccFoo "Foo" contained nextgroup=ccFiller
:syntax region ccFiller start="." matchgroup=ccBar end="Bar" contained
This will highlight "Foo" and "Bar" differently, and only when there is a
"Bar" after "Foo". In the text line below, "f" shows where ccFoo is used for
highlighting, and "bbb" where ccBar is used.
Foo asdfasd Bar asdf Foo asdf Bar asdf
fff bbb fff bbb
Note the use of ".\{-}" to skip as little as possible until the next Bar.
when ".*" would be used, the "asdf" in between "Bar" and "Foo" would be
highlighted according to the "ccFoobar" group, because the ccFooBar match
would include the first "Foo" and the last "Bar" in the line (see |pattern|).
skipwhite *:syn-skipwhite*
skipnl *:syn-skipnl*
skipempty *:syn-skipempty*
These arguments are only used in combination with "nextgroup". They can be
used to allow the next group to match after skipping some text:
skipwhite skip over space and Tab characters
skipnl skip over the end of a line
skipempty skip over empty lines (implies a "skipnl")
When "skipwhite" is present, the white space is only skipped if there is no
next group that matches the white space.
When "skipnl" is present, the match with nextgroup may be found in the next
line. This only happens when the current item ends at the end of the current
line! When "skipnl" is not present, the nextgroup will only be found after
the current item in the same line.
When skipping text while looking for a next group, the matches for other
groups are ignored. Only when no next group matches, other items are tried
for a match again. This means that matching a next group and skipping white
space and <EOL>s has a higher priority than other items.
Example:
:syn match ifstart "if.*" nextgroup=ifline skipwhite skipempty
:syn match ifline "endif" contained
:syn match ifline "[^ \t].*" nextgroup=ifline skipwhite skipempty contained
Note that the last match, which matches any non-white text, is put last,
otherwise the "endif" of the indent would never match, because the "[^ \t].*"
would match first.
Note that this example doesn't work for nested "if"s. You need to add
"contains" arguments to make that work (omitted for simplicity of the
example).
==============================================================================
7. Syntax patterns *:syn-pattern* *E401* *E402*
In the syntax commands, a pattern must be surrounded by two identical
characters. This is like it works for the ":s" command. The most common to
use is the double quote. But if the pattern contains a double quote, you can
use another character that is not used in the pattern. Examples:
:syntax region Comment start="/\*" end="\*/"
:syntax region String start=+"+ end=+"+ skip=+\\"+
See |pattern| for the explanation of what a pattern is. Syntax patterns are
always interpreted like the 'magic' options is set, no matter what the actual
value of 'magic' is. And the patterns are interpreted like the 'l' flag is
not included in 'cpoptions'. This was done to make syntax files portable and
independent of 'compatible' and 'magic' settings.
Try to avoid patterns that can match an empty string, such as "[a-z]*".
This slows down the highlighting a lot, because it matches everywhere.
*:syn-pattern-offset*
The pattern can be followed by a character offset. This can be used to
change the highlighted part, and to change the text area included in the
match or region (which only matters when trying to match other items). Both
are relative to the matched pattern. The character offset for a skip
pattern can be used to tell where to continue looking for an end pattern.
The offset takes the form of "{what}={offset}"
The {what} can be one of seven strings:
ms Match Start offset for the start of the matched text
me Match End offset for the end of the matched text
hs Highlight Start offset for where the highlighting starts
he Highlight End offset for where the highlighting ends
rs Region Start offset for where the body of a region starts
re Region End offset for where the body of a region ends
lc Leading Context offset past "leading context" of pattern
The {offset} can be:
s start of the matched pattern
s+{nr} start of the matched pattern plus {nr} chars to the right
s-{nr} start of the matched pattern plus {nr} chars to the left
e end of the matched pattern
e+{nr} end of the matched pattern plus {nr} chars to the right
e-{nr} end of the matched pattern plus {nr} chars to the left
{nr} (for "lc" only): start matching {nr} chars to the left
Examples: "ms=s+1", "hs=e-2", "lc=3".
Although all offsets are accepted after any pattern, they are not always
meaningful. This table shows which offsets are actually used:
ms me hs he rs re lc
match item yes yes yes yes - - yes
region item start yes - yes - yes - yes
region item skip - yes - - - - yes
region item end - yes - yes - yes yes
Offsets can be concatenated, with a ',' in between. Example:
:syn match String /"[^"]*"/hs=s+1,he=e-1
some "string" text
^^^^^^ highlighted
Notes:
- There must be no white space between the pattern and the character
offset(s).
- The highlighted area will never be outside of the matched text.
- A negative offset for an end pattern may not always work, because the end
pattern may be detected when the highlighting should already have stopped.
- The start of a match cannot be in a line other than where the pattern
matched. This doesn't work: "a\nb"ms=e. You can make the highlighting
start in another line, this does work: "a\nb"hs=e.
Example (match a comment but don't highlight the /* and */):
:syntax region Comment start="/\*"hs=e+1 end="\*/"he=s-1
/* this is a comment */
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ highlighted
A more complicated Example:
:syn region Exa matchgroup=Foo start="foo"hs=s+2,rs=e+2 matchgroup=Bar end="bar"me=e-1,he=e-1,re=s-1
abcfoostringbarabc
mmmmmmmmmmm match
ssrrrreee highlight start/region/end ("Foo", "Exa" and "Bar")
Leading context *:syn-lc* *:syn-leading* *:syn-context*
Note: This is an obsolete feature, only included for backwards compatibility
with previous Vim versions. It's now recommended to use the |/\@<=| construct
in the pattern.
The "lc" offset specifies leading context -- a part of the pattern that must
be present, but is not considered part of the match. An offset of "lc=n" will
cause Vim to step back n columns before attempting the pattern match, allowing
characters which have already been matched in previous patterns to also be
used as leading context for this match. This can be used, for instance, to
specify that an "escaping" character must not precede the match:
:syn match ZNoBackslash "[^\\]z"ms=s+1
:syn match WNoBackslash "[^\\]w"lc=1
:syn match Underline "_\+"
___zzzz ___wwww
^^^ ^^^ matches Underline
^ ^ matches ZNoBackslash
^^^^ matches WNoBackslash
The "ms" offset is automatically set to the same value as the "lc" offset,
unless you set "ms" explicitly.
Multi-line patterns *:syn-multi-line*
The patterns can include "\n" to match an end-of-line. Mostly this works as
expected, but there are a few exceptions.
When using a start pattern with an offset, the start of the match is not
allowed to start in a following line. The highlighting can start in a
following line though.
The skip pattern can include the "\n", but the search for an end pattern will
continue in the first character of the next line, also when that character is
matched by the skip pattern. This is because redrawing may start in any line
halfway a region and there is no check if the skip pattern started in a
previous line. For example, if the skip pattern is "a\nb" and an end pattern
is "b", the end pattern does match in the second line of this:
x x a
b x x
Generally this means that the skip pattern should not match any characters
after the "\n".
External matches *:syn-ext-match*
These extra regular expression items are available in region patterns:
*/\z(* */\z(\)* *E50* *E52*
\z(\) Marks the sub-expression as "external", meaning that it is can
be accessed from another pattern match. Currently only usable
in defining a syntax region start pattern.
\z1 ... \z9 */\z1* */\z2* *\z9* *E66* *E67*
Matches the same string that was matched by the corresponding
sub-expression in a previous start pattern match.
Sometimes the start and end patterns of a region need to share a common
sub-expression. A common example is the "here" document in Perl and many Unix
shells. This effect can be achieved with the "\z" special regular expression
items, which marks a sub-expression as "external", in the sense that it can be
referenced from outside the pattern in which it is defined. The here-document
example, for instance, can be done like this:
:syn region hereDoc start="<<\z(\I\i*\)" end="^\z1$"
As can be seen here, the \z actually does double duty. In the start pattern,
it marks the "\(\I\i*\)" sub-expression as external; in the end pattern, it
changes the \1 back-reference into an external reference referring to the
first external sub-expression in the start pattern. External references can
also be used in skip patterns:
:syn region foo start="start \(\I\i*\)" skip="not end \z1" end="end \z1"
Note that normal and external sub-expressions are completely orthogonal and
indexed separately; for instance, if the pattern "\z(..\)\(..\)" is applied
to the string "aabb", then \1 will refer to "bb" and \z1 will refer to "aa".
Note also that external sub-expressions cannot be accessed as back-references
within the same pattern like normal sub-expressions. If you want to use one
sub-expression as both a normal and an external sub-expression, you can nest
the two, as in "\(\z(...\)\)".
Note that only matches within a single line can be used. Multi-line matches
cannot be referred to.
==============================================================================
8. Syntax clusters *:syn-cluster* *E400*
:sy[ntax] cluster {cluster-name} [contains={group-name}..]
[add={group-name}..]
[remove={group-name}..]
This command allows you to cluster a list of syntax groups together under a
single name.
contains={group-name}..
The cluster is set to the specified list of groups.
add={group-name}..
The specified groups are added to the cluster.
remove={group-name}..
The specified groups are removed from the cluster.
A cluster so defined may be referred to in a contains=.., nextgroup=.., add=..
or remove=.. list with a "@" prefix. You can also use this notation to
implicitly declare a cluster before specifying its contents.
Example:
:syntax match Thing "# [^#]\+ #" contains=@ThingMembers
:syntax cluster ThingMembers contains=ThingMember1,ThingMember2
As the previous example suggests, modifications to a cluster are effectively
retroactive; the membership of the cluster is checked at the last minute, so
to speak:
:syntax keyword A aaa
:syntax cluster AandB contains=A
:syntax match Stuff "( aaa bbb )" contains=@AandB
:syntax cluster AandB add=B " now both keywords are matched in Stuff
This also has implications for nested clusters:
:syntax keyword A aaa
:syntax keyword B bbb
:syntax cluster SmallGroup contains=B
:syntax cluster BigGroup contains=A,@SmallGroup
:syntax match Stuff "( aaa bbb )" contains=@BigGroup
:syntax cluster BigGroup remove=B " no effect, since B isn't in BigGroup
:syntax cluster SmallGroup remove=B " now bbb isn't matched within Stuff
==============================================================================
9. Including syntax files *:syn-include* *E397*
It is often useful for one language's syntax file to include a syntax file for
a related language. Depending on the exact relationship, this can be done in
two different ways:
- If top-level syntax items in the included syntax file are to be
allowed at the top level in the including syntax, you can simply use
the |:runtime| command:
" In cpp.vim:
:runtime! syntax/c.vim
:unlet b:current_syntax
- If top-level syntax items in the included syntax file are to be
contained within a region in the including syntax, you can use the
":syntax include" command:
:sy[ntax] include [@{grouplist-name}] {file-name}
All syntax items declared in the included file will have the
"contained" flag added. In addition, if a group list is specified,
all top-level syntax items in the included file will be added to
that list.
" In perl.vim:
:syntax include @Pod <sfile>:p:h/pod.vim
:syntax region perlPOD start="^=head" end="^=cut" contains=@Pod
When {file-name} is an absolute path (starts with "/", "c:", "$VAR"
or "<sfile>") that file is sourced. When it is a relative path
(e.g., "syntax/pod.vim") the file is searched for in 'runtimepath'.
All matching files are loaded. Using a relative path is
recommended, because it allows a user to replace the included file
with his own version, without replacing the file that does the ":syn
include".
==============================================================================
10. Synchronizing *:syn-sync* *E403* *E404*
Vim wants to be able to start redrawing in any position in the document. To
make this possible it needs to know the syntax state at the position where
redrawing starts.
:sy[ntax] sync [ccomment [group-name] | minlines={N} | ...]
There are four ways to synchronize:
1. Always parse from the start of the file.
|:syn-sync-first|
2. Based on C-style comments. Vim understands how C-comments work and can
figure out if the current line starts inside or outside a comment.
|:syn-sync-second|
3. Jumping back a certain number of lines and start parsing there.
|:syn-sync-third|
4. Searching backwards in the text for a pattern to sync on.
|:syn-sync-fourth|
*:syn-sync-maxlines* *:syn-sync-minlines*
For the last three methods, the line range where the parsing can start is
limited by "minlines" and "maxlines".
If the "minlines={N}" argument is given, the parsing always starts at least
that many lines backwards. This can be used if the parsing may take a few
lines before it's correct, or when it's not possible to use syncing.
If the "maxlines={N}" argument is given, the number of lines that are searched
for a comment or syncing pattern is restricted to N lines backwards (after
adding "minlines". This is useful if you have few things to sync on and a
slow machine. Example:
:syntax sync ccomment maxlines=500
*:syn-sync-linebreaks*
When using a pattern that matches multiple lines, a change in one line may
cause a pattern to no longer match in a previous line. This means has to
start above where the change was made. How many lines can be specified with
the "linebreaks" argument. For example, when a pattern may include one line
break use this:
:syntax sync linebreaks=1
The result is that redrawing always starts at least one line before where a
change was made. The default value for "linebreaks" is zero. Usually the
value for "minlines" is bigger than "linebreaks".
First syncing method: *:syn-sync-first*
:syntax sync fromstart
The file will be parsed from the start. This makes syntax highlighting
accurate, but can be slow for long files. Vim caches previously parsed text,
so that it's only slow when parsing the text for the first time. However,
when making changes some part of the next needs to be parsed again (worst
case: to the end of the file).
Using "fromstart" is equivalent to using "minlines" with a very large number.
Second syncing method: *:syn-sync-second* *:syn-sync-ccomment*
For the second method, only the "ccomment" argument needs to be given.
Example:
:syntax sync ccomment
When Vim finds that the line where displaying starts is inside a C-style
comment, the last region syntax item with the group-name "Comment" will be
used. This requires that there is a region with the group-name "Comment"!
An alternate group name can be specified, for example:
:syntax sync ccomment javaComment
This means that the last item specified with "syn region javaComment" will be
used for the detected C comment region. This only works properly if that
region does have a start pattern "\/*" and an end pattern "*\/".
The "maxlines" argument can be used to restrict the search to a number of
lines. The "minlines" argument can be used to at least start a number of
lines back (e.g., for when there is some construct that only takes a few
lines, but it hard to sync on).
Note: Syncing on a C comment doesn't work properly when strings are used
that cross a line and contain a "*/". Since letting strings cross a line
is a bad programming habit (many compilers give a warning message), and the
chance of a "*/" appearing inside a comment is very small, this restriction
is hardly ever noticed.
Third syncing method: *:syn-sync-third*
For the third method, only the "minlines={N}" argument needs to be given.
Vim will subtract {N} from the line number and start parsing there. This
means {N} extra lines need to be parsed, which makes this method a bit slower.
Example:
:syntax sync minlines=50
"lines" is equivalent to "minlines" (used by older versions).
Fourth syncing method: *:syn-sync-fourth*
The idea is to synchronize on the end of a few specific regions, called a
sync pattern. Only regions can cross lines, so when we find the end of some
region, we might be able to know in which syntax item we are. The search
starts in the line just above the one where redrawing starts. From there
the search continues backwards in the file.
This works just like the non-syncing syntax items. You can use contained
matches, nextgroup, etc. But there are a few differences:
- Keywords cannot be used.
- The syntax items with the "sync" keyword form a completely separated group
of syntax items. You can't mix syncing groups and non-syncing groups.
- The matching works backwards in the buffer (line by line), instead of
forwards.
- A line continuation pattern can be given. It is used to decide which group
of lines need to be searched like they were one line. This means that the
search for a match with the specified items starts in the first of the
consecutive that contain the continuation pattern.
- When using "nextgroup" or "contains", this only works within one line (or
group of continued lines).
- When using a region, it must start and end in the same line (or group of
continued lines). Otherwise the end is assumed to be at the end of the
line (or group of continued lines).
- When a match with a sync pattern is found, the rest of the line (or group of
continued lines) is searched for another match. The last match is used.
This is used when a line can contain both the start end the end of a region
(e.g., in a C-comment like /* this */, the last "*/" is used).
There are two ways how a match with a sync pattern can be used:
1. Parsing for highlighting starts where redrawing starts (and where the
search for the sync pattern started). The syntax group that is expected
to be valid there must be specified. This works well when the regions
that cross lines cannot contain other regions.
2. Parsing for highlighting continues just after the match. The syntax group
that is expected to be present just after the match must be specified.
This can be used when the previous method doesn't work well. It's much
slower, because more text needs to be parsed.
Both types of sync patterns can be used at the same time.
Besides the sync patterns, other matches and regions can be specified, to
avoid finding unwanted matches.
[The reason that the sync patterns are given separately, is that mostly the
search for the sync point can be much simpler than figuring out the
highlighting. The reduced number of patterns means it will go (much)
faster.]
*syn-sync-grouphere* *E393* *E394*
:syntax sync match {sync-group-name} grouphere {group-name} "pattern" ..
Define a match that is used for syncing. {group-name} is the
name of a syntax group that follows just after the match. Parsing
of the text for highlighting starts just after the match. A region
must exist for this {group-name}. The first one defined will be used.
"NONE" can be used for when there is no syntax group after the match.
*syn-sync-groupthere*
:syntax sync match {sync-group-name} groupthere {group-name} "pattern" ..
Like "grouphere", but {group-name} is the name of a syntax group that
is to be used at the start of the line where searching for the sync
point started. The text between the match and the start of the sync
pattern searching is assumed not to change the syntax highlighting.
For example, in C you could search backwards for "/*" and "*/". If
"/*" is found first, you know that you are inside a comment, so the
"groupthere" is "cComment". If "*/" is found first, you know that you
are not in a comment, so the "groupthere" is "NONE". (in practice
it's a bit more complicated, because the "/*" and "*/" could appear
inside a string. That's left as an exercise to the reader...).
:syntax sync match ..
:syntax sync region ..
Without a "groupthere" argument. Define a region or match that is
skipped while searching for a sync point.
:syntax sync linecont {pattern}
When {pattern} matches in a line, it is considered to continue in
the next line. This means that the search for a sync point will
consider the lines to be concatenated.
If the "maxlines={N}" argument is given too, the number of lines that are
searched for a match is restricted to N. This is useful if you have very
few things to sync on and a slow machine. Example:
:syntax sync maxlines=100
You can clear all sync settings with:
:syntax sync clear
You can clear specific sync patterns with:
:syntax sync clear {sync-group-name} ..
==============================================================================
11. Listing syntax items *:syntax* *:sy* *:syn* *:syn-list*
This commands lists all the syntax items:
:sy[ntax] [list]
To show the syntax items for one syntax group:
:sy[ntax] list {group-name}
To list the syntax groups in one cluster: *E392*
:sy[ntax] list @{cluster-name}
See above for other arguments for the ":syntax" command.
Note that the ":syntax" command can be abbreviated to ":sy", although ":syn"
is mostly used, because it looks better.
==============================================================================
12. Highlight command *:highlight* *:hi* *E28* *E411* *E415*
There are three types of highlight groups:
- The ones used for specific languages. For these the name starts with the
name of the language. Many of these don't have any attributes, but are
linked to a group of the second type.
- The ones used for all syntax languages.
- The ones used for the 'highlight' option.
*hitest.vim*
You can see all the groups currently active with this command:
:so $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/hitest.vim
This will open a new window containing all highlight group names, displayed
in their own color.
*:colo* *:colorscheme* *E185*
:colo[rscheme] {name} Load color scheme {name}. This searches 'runtimepath'
for the file "colors/{name}.vim. The first one that
is found is loaded.
To see the name of the currently active color scheme:
:echo colors_name
:hi[ghlight] List all the current highlight groups that have
attributes set.
:hi[ghlight] {group-name}
List one highlight group.
:hi[ghlight] clear Reset all highlighting to the defaults. Removes all
highlighting for groups added by the user!
Uses the current value of 'background' to decide which
default colors to use.
:hi[ghlight] clear {group-name}
:hi[ghlight] {group-name} NONE
Disable the highlighting for one highlight group. It
is _not_ set back to the default colors.
:hi[ghlight] [default] {group-name} {key}={arg} ..
Add a highlight group, or change the highlighting for
an existing group.
See |highlight-args| for the {key}={arg} arguments.
See |:highlight-default| for the optional [default]
argument.
Normally a highlight group is added once, in the *.vim file. This sets
the default values for the highlighting. After that, you can use additional
highlight commands to change the arguments that you want to set to
non-default values. The value "NONE" can be used to switch the value off or
go back to the default value.
Example. The syntax.vim file contains this line:
:hi Comment term=bold ctermfg=Cyan guifg=#80a0ff
You can change this by giving another ":highlight: command:
:hi Comment gui=bold
Note that all settings that are not included remain the same, only the
specified field is used, and settings are merged with previous ones. So, the
result is like this single command has been used:
:hi Comment term=bold ctermfg=Cyan guifg=#80a0ff gui=bold
*highlight-args* *E416* *E417* *E423*
There are three types of terminals for highlighting:
term a normal terminal (vt100, xterm)
cterm a color terminal (MS-DOS console, color-xterm, these have the "Co"
termcap entry)
gui the GUI
For each type the highlighting can be given. This makes it possible to use
the same syntax file on all terminals, and use the optimal highlighting.
1. highlight arguments for normal terminals
term={attr-list} *attr-list* *highlight-term* *E418*
attr-list is a comma separated list (without spaces) of the
following items (in any order):
bold
underline
reverse
inverse same as reverse
italic
standout
NONE no attributes used (used to reset it)
Note that "bold" can be used here and by using a bold font. They
have the same effect.
start={term-list} *highlight-start* *E422*
stop={term-list} *term-list* *highlight-stop*
These lists of terminal codes can be used to get
non-standard attributes on a terminal.
The escape sequence specified with the "start" argument
is written before the characters in the highlighted
area. It can be anything that you want to send to the
terminal to highlight this area. The escape sequence
specified with the "stop" argument is written after the
highlighted area. This should undo the "start" argument.
Otherwise the screen will look messed up.
The {term-list} can have two forms:
1. A string with escape sequences.
This is any string of characters, except that it can't start with
"t_" and blanks are not allowed. The <> notation is recognized
here, so you can use things like "<Esc>" and "<Space>". Example:
start=<Esc>[27h;<Esc>[<Space>r;
2. A list of terminal codes.
Each terminal code has the form "t_xx", where "xx" is the name of
the termcap entry. The codes have to be separated with commas.
White space is not allowed. Example:
start=t_C1,t_BL
The terminal codes must exist for this to work.
2. highlight arguments for color terminals
cterm={attr-list} *highlight-cterm*
See above for the description of {attr-list} |attr-list|.
The "cterm" argument is likely to be different from "term", when
colors are used. For example, in a normal terminal comments could
be underlined, in a color terminal they can be made Blue.
Note: Many terminals (e.g., DOS console) can't mix these attributes
with coloring. Use only one of "cterm=" OR "ctermfg=" OR "ctermbg=".
ctermfg={color-nr} *highlight-ctermfg* *E421*
ctermbg={color-nr} *highlight-ctermbg*
The {color-nr} argument is a color number. Its range is zero to
(not including) the number given by the termcap entry "Co".
The actual color with this number depends on the type of terminal
and its settings. Sometimes the color also depends on the settings of
"cterm". For example, on some systems "cterm=bold ctermfg=3" gives
another color, on others you just get color 3.
For an xterm this depends on your resources, and is a bit
unpredictable. See your xterm documentation for the defaults. The
colors for a color-xterm can be changed from the .Xdefaults file.
Unfortunately this means that it's not possible to get the same colors
for each user. See |xterm-color| for info about color xterms.
The MSDOS standard colors are fixed (in a console window), so these
have been used for the names. But the meaning of color names in X11
are fixed, so these color settings have been used, to make the
highlighting settings portable (complicated, isn't it?). The
following names are recognized, with the color number used:
*cterm-colors*
NR-16 NR-8 COLOR NAME
0 0 Black
1 4 DarkBlue
2 2 DarkGreen
3 6 DarkCyan
4 1 DarkRed
5 5 DarkMagenta
6 3 Brown, DarkYellow
7 7 LightGray, LightGrey, Gray, Grey
8 0* DarkGray, DarkGrey
9 4* Blue, LightBlue
10 2* Green, LightGreen
11 6* Cyan, LightCyan
12 1* Red, LightRed
13 5* Magenta, LightMagenta
14 3* Yellow, LightYellow
15 7* White
The number under "NR-16" is used for 16-color terminals ('t_Co'
greater than or equal to 16). The number under "NR-8" is used for
8-color terminals ('t_Co' less than 16). The '*' indicates that the
bold attribute is set for ctermfg. In many 8-color terminals (e.g.,
"linux"), this causes the bright colors to appear. This doesn't work
for background colors! Without the '*' the bold attribute is removed.
If you want to set the bold attribute in a different way, put a
"cterm=" argument AFTER the "ctermfg=" or "ctermbg=" argument. Or use
a number instead of a color name.
The case of the color names is ignored.
Note that for 16 color ansi style terminals (including xterms), the
numbers in the NR-8 column is used. Here '*' means 'add 8' so that Blue
is 12, DarkGray is 8 etc.
Note that for some color terminals these names may result in the wrong
colors!
*:hi-normal-cterm*
When setting the "ctermfg" or "ctermbg" colors for the Normal group,
these will become the colors used for the non-highlighted text.
Example:
:highlight Normal ctermfg=grey ctermbg=darkblue
When setting the "ctermbg" color for the Normal group, the
'background' option will be adjusted automatically. This causes the
highlight groups that depend on 'background' to change! This means
you should set the colors for Normal first, before setting other
colors.
When a colorscheme is being used, changing 'background' causes it to
be reloaded, which may reset all colors (including Normal). First
delete the "colors_name" variable when you don't want this.
When you have set "ctermfg" or "ctermbg" for the Normal group, Vim
needs to reset the color when exiting. This is done with the "op"
termcap entry |t_op|. If this doesn't work correctly, try setting the
't_op' option in your .vimrc.
*E419* *E420*
When Vim knows the normal foreground and background colors, "fg" and
"bg" can be used as color names. This only works after setting the
colors for the Normal group and for the MS-DOS console. Example, for
reverse video:
:highlight Visual ctermfg=bg ctermbg=fg
Note that the colors are used that are valid at the moment this
command are given. If the Normal group colors are changed later, the
"fg" and "bg" colors will not be adjusted.
3. highlight arguments for the GUI
gui={attr-list} *highlight-gui*
These give the attributes to use in the GUI mode.
See |attr-list| for a description.
Note that "bold" can be used here and by using a bold font. They
have the same effect.
Note that the attributes are ignored for the "Normal" group.
font={font-name} *highlight-font*
font-name is the name of a font, as it is used on the system Vim
runs on. For X11 this is a complicated name, for example:
font=-misc-fixed-bold-r-normal--14-130-75-75-c-70-iso8859-1
The font-name "NONE" can be used to revert to the default font.
When setting the font for the "Normal" group, this becomes the default
font (until the 'guifont' option is changed; the last one set is
used).
The following only works with Motif and Athena, not with other GUIs:
When setting the font for the "Menu" group, the menus will be changed.
When setting the font for the "Tooltip" group, the tooltips will be
changed.
All fonts used, except for Menu and Tooltip, should be of the same
character size as the default font! Otherwise redrawing problems will
occur.
guifg={color-name} *highlight-guifg*
guibg={color-name} *highlight-guibg*
These give the foreground (guifg) and background (guibg) color to
use in the GUI. There are a few special names:
NONE no color (transparent)
bg use normal background color
background use normal background color
fg use normal foreground color
foreground use normal foreground color
To use a color name with an embedded space or other special character,
put it in single quotes. The single quote cannot be used then.
Example:
:hi comment guifg='salmon pink'
*gui-colors*
Suggested color names (these are available on most systems):
Red LightRed DarkRed
Green LightGreen DarkGreen SeaGreen
Blue LightBlue DarkBlue SlateBlue
Cyan LightCyan DarkCyan
Magenta LightMagenta DarkMagenta
Yellow LightYellow Brown DarkYellow
Gray LightGray DarkGray
Black White
Orange Purple Violet
In the Win32 GUI version, additional system colors are available. See
|win32-colors|.
You can also specify a color by its Red, Green and Blue values.
The format is "#rrggbb", where
"rr" is the Red value
"bb" is the Blue value
"gg" is the Green value
All values are hexadecimal, range from "00" to "ff". Examples:
:highlight Comment guifg=#11f0c3 guibg=#ff00ff
*highlight-groups* *highlight-default*
These are the default highlighting groups. These groups are used by the
'highlight' option default. Note that the highlighting depends on the value
of 'background'. You can see the current settings with the ":highlight"
command.
*hl-Cursor*
Cursor the character under the cursor
*hl-CursorIM*
CursorIM like Cursor, but used when in IME mode |CursorIM|
*hl-Directory*
Directory directory names (and other special names in listings)
*hl-DiffAdd*
DiffAdd diff mode: Added line |diff.txt|
*hl-DiffChange*
DiffChange diff mode: Changed line |diff.txt|
*hl-DiffDelete*
DiffDelete diff mode: Deleted line |diff.txt|
*hl-DiffText*
DiffText diff mode: Changed text within a changed line |diff.txt|
*hl-ErrorMsg*
ErrorMsg error messages on the command line
*hl-VertSplit*
VertSplit the column separating vertically split windows
*hl-Folded*
Folded line used for closed folds
*hl-FoldColumn*
FoldColumn 'foldcolumn'
*hl-IncSearch*
IncSearch 'incsearch' highlighting; also used for the text replaced with
":s///c"
*hl-LineNr*
LineNr line number for ":number" and ":#" commands, and when 'number'
option is set.
*hl-ModeMsg*
ModeMsg 'showmode' message (e.g., "-- INSERT --")
*hl-MoreMsg*
MoreMsg |more-prompt|
*hl-NonText*
NonText '~' and '@' at the end of the window, characters from
'showbreak' and other characters that do not really exist in
the text (e.g., ">" displayed when a double-wide character
doesn't fit at the end of the line).
*hl-Normal*
Normal normal text
*hl-Question*
Question |hit-enter| prompt and yes/no questions
*hl-Search*
Search Last search pattern highlighting (see 'hlsearch').
Also used for highlighting the current line in the quickfix
window and similar items that need to stand out.
*hl-SpecialKey*
SpecialKey Meta and special keys listed with ":map", also for text used
to show unprintable characters in the text, 'listchars'.
Generally: text that is displayed differently from what it
really is.
*hl-StatusLine*
StatusLine status line of current window
*hl-StatusLineNC*
StatusLineNC status lines of not-current windows
Note: if this is equal to "StatusLine" Vim will use "^^^" in
the status line of the current window.
*hl-Title*
Title titles for output from ":set all", ":autocmd" etc.
*hl-Visual*
Visual Visual mode selection
*hl-VisualNOS*
VisualNOS Visual mode selection when vim is "Not Owning the Selection".
Only X11 Gui's |gui-x11| and |xterm-clipboard| supports this.
*hl-WarningMsg*
WarningMsg warning messages
*hl-WildMenu*
WildMenu current match in 'wildmenu' completion
*hl-User1* *hl-User1..9*
The 'statusline' syntax allows the use of 9 different highlights in the
statusline and ruler (via 'rulerformat'). The names are User1 to User9.
For the GUI you can use these groups to set the colors for the menu,
scrollbars and tooltips. They don't have defaults. This doesn't work for the
Win32 GUI. Only three highlight arguments have any effect here: font, guibg,
and guifg.
*hl-Menu*
Menu Current font, background and foreground colors of the menus.
Also used for the toolbar.
Applicable highlight arguments: font, guibg, guifg.
NOTE: For Motif and Athena the font argument actually
specifies a fontset at all times, no matter if 'guifontset' is
empty, and as such it is tied to the current |:language| when
set.
*hl-Scrollbar*
Scrollbar Current background and foreground of the main window's
scrollbars.
Applicable highlight arguments: guibg, guifg.
*hl-Tooltip*
Tooltip Current font, background and foreground of the tooltips.
Applicable highlight arguments: font, guibg, guifg.
NOTE: For Motif and Athena the font argument actually
specifies a fontset at all times, no matter if 'guifontset' is
empty, and as such it is tied to the current |:language| when
set.
==============================================================================
13. Linking groups *:hi-link* *:highlight-link* *E412* *E413*
When you want to use the same highlighting for several syntax groups, you
can do this more easily by linking the groups into one common highlight
group, and give the color attributes only for that group.
To set a link:
:hi[ghlight][!] [default] link {from-group} {to-group}
To remove a link:
:hi[ghlight][!] [default] link {from-group} NONE
Notes: *E414*
- If the {from-group} and/or {to-group} doesn't exist, it is created. You
don't get an error message for a non-existing group.
- As soon as you use a ":highlight" command for a linked group, the link is
removed.
- If there are already highlight settings for the {from-group}, the link is
not made, unless the '!' is given. For a ":highlight link" command in a
sourced file, you don't get an error message. This can be used to skip
links for groups that already have settings.
*:hi-default* *:highlight-default*
The [default] argument is used for setting the default highlighting for a
group. If highlighting has already been specified for the group the command
will be ignored. Also when there is an existing link.
Using [default] is especially useful to overrule the highlighting of a
specific syntax file. For example, the C syntax file contains:
:highlight default link cComment Comment
If you like Question highlighting for C comments, put this in your vimrc file:
:highlight link cComment Question
Without the "default" in the C syntax file, the highlighting would be
overruled when the syntax file is loaded.
==============================================================================
14. Cleaning up *:syn-clear* *E391*
If you want to clear the syntax stuff for the current buffer, you can use this
command:
:syntax clear
This command should be used when you want to switch off syntax highlighting,
or when you want to switch to using another syntax. It's normally not needed
in a syntax file itself, because syntax is cleared by the autocommands that
load the syntax file.
The command also deletes the "b:current_syntax" variable, since no syntax is
loaded after this command.
If you want to disable syntax highlighting for all buffers, you need to remove
the autocommands that load the syntax files:
:syntax off
What this command actually does, is executing the command
:source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/nosyntax.vim
See the "nosyntax.vim" file for details. Note that for this to work
$VIMRUNTIME must be valid. See |$VIMRUNTIME|.
To clean up specific syntax groups for the current buffer:
:syntax clear {group-name} ..
This removes all patterns and keywords for {group-name}.
To clean up specific syntax group lists for the current buffer:
:syntax clear @{grouplist-name} ..
This sets {grouplist-name}'s contents to an empty list.
*:syntax-reset* *:syn-reset*
If you have changed the colors and messed them up, use this command to get the
defaults back:
:syntax reset
This doesn't change the colors for the 'highlight' option.
Note that the syntax colors that you set in your vimrc file will also be reset
back to their Vim default.
Note that if you are using a color scheme, the colors defined by the color
scheme for syntax highlighting will be lost.
What this actually does is:
let g:syntax_cmd = "reset"
runtime! syntax/syncolor.vim
Note that this uses the 'runtimepath' option.
*syncolor*
If you want to use different colors for syntax highlighting, you can add a Vim
script file to set these colors. Put this file in a directory in
'runtimepath' which comes after $VIMRUNTIME, so that your settings overrule
the default colors. This way these colors will be used after the ":syntax
reset" command.
For Unix you can use the file ~/.vim/after/syntax/syncolor.vim. Example:
if &background == "light"
highlight comment ctermfg=darkgreen guifg=darkgreen
else
highlight comment ctermfg=green guifg=green
endif
Note that when a color scheme is used, there might be some confusion whether
your defined colors are to be used or the colors from the scheme. This
depends on the color scheme file. See |:colorscheme|.
*syntax_cmd*
The "syntax_cmd" variable is set to one of these values when the
syntax/syncolor.vim files are loaded:
"on" ":syntax on" command. Highlight colors are overruled but
links are kept
"enable" ":syntax enable" command. Only define colors for groups that
don't have highlighting yet. Use ":syntax default".
"reset" ":syntax reset" command or loading a color scheme. Define all
the colors.
"skip" Dont' define colors. Used to skip the default settings when a
syncolor.vim file earlier in 'runtimepath' has already set
them.
==============================================================================
15. Highlighting tags *tag-highlight*
If you want to highlight all the tags in your file, you can use the following
mappings.
<F11> -- Generate tags.vim file, and highlight tags.
<F12> -- Just highlight tags based on existing tags.vim file.
:map <F11> :sp tags<CR>:%s/^\([^ :]*:\)\=\([^ ]*\).*/syntax keyword Tag \2/<CR>:wq! tags.vim<CR>/^<CR><F12>
:map <F12> :so tags.vim<CR>
WARNING: The longer the tags file, the slower this will be, and the more
memory Vim will consume.
Only highlighting typedefs, unions and structs can be done too. For this you
must use Exuberant ctags found at http://ctags.sf.net.
Put these lines in your Makefile:
# Make a highlight file for types. Requires Exuberant ctags and awk
types: types.vim
types.vim: *.[ch]
ctags -i=gstuS -o- *.[ch] YXXY\
awk 'BEGIN{printf("syntax keyword Type\t")}\
{printf("%s ", $$1)}END{print ""}' > $@
And put these lines in your .vimrc:
" load the types.vim highlighting file, if it exists
autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.[ch] let fname = expand('<afile>:p:h') . '/types.vim'
autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.[ch] if filereadable(fname)
autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.[ch] exe 'so ' . fname
autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.[ch] endif
==============================================================================
16. Color xterms *xterm-color* *color-xterm*
Most color xterms have only eight colors. If you don't get colors with the
default setup, it should work with these lines in your .vimrc:
:if &term =~ "xterm"
: if has("terminfo")
: set t_Co=8
: set t_Sf=<Esc>[3%p1%dm
: set t_Sb=<Esc>[4%p1%dm
: else
: set t_Co=8
: set t_Sf=<Esc>[3%dm
: set t_Sb=<Esc>[4%dm
: endif
:endif
[<Esc> is a real escape, type CTRL-V <Esc>]
You might want to change the first "if" to match the name of your terminal,
e.g. "dtterm" instead of "xterm".
Note: Do these settings BEFORE doing ":syntax on". Otherwise the colors may
be wrong.
*xiterm* *rxvt*
The above settings have been mentioned to work for xiterm and rxvt too.
But for using 16 colors in an rxvt these should work with terminfo:
:set t_AB=<Esc>[%?%p1%{8}%<%t25;%p1%{40}%+%e5;%p1%{32}%+%;%dm
:set t_AF=<Esc>[%?%p1%{8}%<%t22;%p1%{30}%+%e1;%p1%{22}%+%;%dm
*colortest.vim*
To test your color setup, a file has been included in the Vim distribution.
To use it, execute these commands:
:e $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/colortest.vim
:so %
Some versions of xterm (and other terminals, like the linux console) can
output lighter foreground colors, even though the number of colors is defined
at 8. Therefore Vim sets the "cterm=bold" attribute for light foreground
colors, when 't_Co' is 8.
*xfree-xterm*
To get 16 colors or more, get the newest xterm version (which should be
included with Xfree86 3.3 and later). You can also find the latest version
at:
http://www.clark.net/pub/dickey/xterm
Here is a good way to configure it. This uses 88 colors and enables the
termcap-query feature, which allows Vim to ask the xterm how many colors it
supports.
./configure --disable-bold-color --enable-88-color --enable-tcap-query
If you only get 8 colors, check the xterm compilation settings.
(Also see |UTF8-xterm| for using this xterm with UTF-8 character encoding).
This xterm should work with these lines in your .vimrc (for 16 colors):
:if has("terminfo")
: set t_Co=16
: set t_AB=<Esc>[%?%p1%{8}%<%t%p1%{40}%+%e%p1%{92}%+%;%dm
: set t_AF=<Esc>[%?%p1%{8}%<%t%p1%{30}%+%e%p1%{82}%+%;%dm
:else
: set t_Co=16
: set t_Sf=<Esc>[3%dm
: set t_Sb=<Esc>[4%dm
:endif
[<Esc> is a real escape, type CTRL-V <Esc>]
Without |+terminfo|, Vim will recognize these settings, and automatically
translate cterm colors of 8 and above to "<Esc>[9%dm" and "<Esc>[10%dm".
Colors above 16 are also translated automatically.
For 256 colors this has been reported to work:
:set t_AB=<Esc>[48;5;%dm
:set t_AF=<Esc>[38;5;%dm
Or just set the TERM environment variable to "xterm-color" or "xterm-16color"
and try if that works.
You probably want to use these X resources (in your ~/.Xdefaults file):
XTerm*color0: #000000
XTerm*color1: #c00000
XTerm*color2: #008000
XTerm*color3: #808000
XTerm*color4: #0000c0
XTerm*color5: #c000c0
XTerm*color6: #008080
XTerm*color7: #c0c0c0
XTerm*color8: #808080
XTerm*color9: #ff6060
XTerm*color10: #00ff00
XTerm*color11: #ffff00
XTerm*color12: #8080ff
XTerm*color13: #ff40ff
XTerm*color14: #00ffff
XTerm*color15: #ffffff
Xterm*cursorColor: Black
[Note: The cursorColor is required to work around a bug, which changes the
cursor color to the color of the last drawn text. This has been fixed by a
newer version of xterm, but not everybody is it using yet.]
To get these right away, reload the .Xdefaults file to the X Option database
Manager (you only need to do this when you just changed the .Xdefaults file):
xrdb -merge ~/.Xdefaults
*xterm-blink* *xterm-blinking-cursor*
To make the cursor blink in an xterm, see tools/blink.c. Or use Thomas
Dickey's xterm above patchlevel 107 (see above for where to get it), with
these resources:
XTerm*cursorBlink: on
XTerm*cursorOnTime: 400
XTerm*cursorOffTime: 250
XTerm*cursorColor: White
*hpterm-color*
These settings work (more or less) for a hpterm, which only supports 8
foreground colors:
:if has("terminfo")
: set t_Co=8
: set t_Sf=<Esc>[&v%p1%dS
: set t_Sb=<Esc>[&v7S
:else
: set t_Co=8
: set t_Sf=<Esc>[&v%dS
: set t_Sb=<Esc>[&v7S
:endif
[<Esc> is a real escape, type CTRL-V <Esc>]
*Eterm* *enlightened-terminal*
These settings have been reported to work for the Enlightened terminal
emulator, or Eterm. They might work for all xterm-like terminals that use the
bold attribute to get bright colors. Add an ":if" like above when needed.
:set t_Co=16
:set t_AF=^[[%?%p1%{8}%<%t3%p1%d%e%p1%{22}%+%d;1%;m
:set t_AB=^[[%?%p1%{8}%<%t4%p1%d%e%p1%{32}%+%d;1%;m
*TTpro-telnet*
These settings should work for TTpro telnet. Tera Term Pro is a freeware /
open-source program for MS-Windows.
set t_Co=16
set t_AB=^[[%?%p1%{8}%<%t%p1%{40}%+%e%p1%{32}%+5;%;%dm
set t_AF=^[[%?%p1%{8}%<%t%p1%{30}%+%e%p1%{22}%+1;%;%dm
Also make sure TTpro's Setup / Window / Full Color is enabled, and make sure
that Setup / Font / Enable Bold is NOT enabled.
(info provided by John Love-Jensen <eljay@Adobe.COM>)
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