EQN(1) UNIX Reference Manual EQN(1)NAME
eqn, neqn, checkeq - typeset mathematics
SYNOPSIS
eqn [-dxy] [-pn] [-sn] [-fn] [file] ...
neqn [-d xy] [-p n] [-s n] [-f n] [file] ...
checkeq [file] ...
DESCRIPTION
Eqn is a troff(1) preprocessor for typesetting mathematics on a Graphic
Systems phototypesetter, neqn on terminals. Usage is almost always
eqn file ... | troff
neqn file ... | nroff
If no files are specified, these programs read from the standard input. A
line beginning with `.EQ' marks the start of an equation; the end of an
equation is marked by a line beginning with `.EN'. Neither of these lines
is altered, so they may be defined in macro packages to get centering,
numbering, etc. It is also possible to set two characters as `delim-
iters'; subsequent text between delimiters is also treated as eqn input.
Delimiters may be set to characters x and y with the command-line argu-
ment -d -xy or (more commonly) with `delim xy ' between .EQ and .EN. The
left and right delimiters may be identical. Delimiters are turned off by
`delim off'. All text that is neither between delimiters nor between .EQ
and .EN is passed through untouched.
The program checkeq reports missing or unbalanced delimiters and .EQ/.EN
pairs.
Tokens within eqn are separated by spaces, tabs, newlines, braces, double
quotes, tildes or circumflexes. Braces {} are used for grouping; general-
ly speaking, anywhere a single character like x could appear, a compli-
cated construction enclosed in braces may be used instead. Tilde ~
represents a full space in the output, circumflex ^ half as much.
Subscripts and superscripts are produced with t2, andwersups{x sup 2u+.y
sups2}"sgivesmex2+y2., a sub i sup 2 produces ai
_.
Fractions are made with over: a over b yields b
__________ .quare roots: 1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}" results in
________
\|ax2+bx+c
The keywords nrom and to introduce lower and upper limits on arbitrary
things: lim ~xi is made with lim from {n-> inf } sum from 0 to n x sub
i." n->oo0
|
Left and right brackets, braces, etc., of the right heig|t a__|m=d1.wThe
rightaclausehis optional.sLegal+characters=afterrlefteandxright are
braces, brackets, bars, c and f for ceiling and floor, and "" for nothing
at all (useful for a right-side-only bracket).
Vertical piles of things are made aith pile, lpile, cpile, and rpile:
pile {a above b above c} produces b. There can be an arbitrary number of
elements in a pile. lpile left-justifies, pile and cpile center, with
different vertical spacing, and rpile right justifies.
Matrices are made with matrix: matrix { lcol { x sub i above y sub 2 }
ccol { 1 above 2 } }" produces xi
y2
1
2
. In addition, there is rcol for a
right-justified column.
Diacritical marks are made with.d____dotdot, hat, tilde, bar, vec, dyad,
__d under: x dot = f(t) bar is x_f(t_, y dotdot bar ~=~ n under" is
y = _, and x vec ~=~ y dyad is x = y.
Sizes and font can be changed with size [n] or size _n, roman, italic,
bold, and font n. Size and fonts can be changed globally in a document by
gsize n and gfont n, or by the command-line arguments -sn and -fn.
Normally subscripts and superscripts are reduced by 3 point sizes from
the previous size; this may be changed by the command-line argument -pn.
Successive display arguments can be lined up. Place mark before the
desired lineup point in the first equation; place lineup at the place
that is to line up vertically in subsequent equations.
Shorthands may be defined or existing keywords redefined with define:
define thing % replacement % defines a new token called thing which will
be replaced by replacement whenever it appears thereafter. The % may be
any character that does not occur in replacement.
Keywords like sum (~) int () inf (oo) and shorthands like >= (_) -> (->),
and != (/) are recognized. Greek letters are spelled out in the desired
case, as in alpha or GAMMA. Mathematical words like sin, cos, log are
made Roman automatically. Troff(1) four-character escapes like \(co ((C))
can be used anywhere. Strings enclosed in double quotes "..." are passed
through untouched; this permits keywords to be entered as text, and can
be used to communicate with troff(1) when all else fails.
SEE ALSOnroff(1), troff(1), tbl(1), ms(7), eqnchar(7)
B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry, Typesetting Mathematics-User's Guide J.
F. Ossanna, NROFF/TROFF User's Manual
HISTORY
Eqn appeared in Version 6 AT&T Unix.
BUGS
To embolden digits, parens, etc., it is necessary to quote them, as in
`bold "12.3"'.
