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GIT-COMMIT(1)			  Git Manual			 GIT-COMMIT(1)

NAME
       git-commit - Record changes to the repository

SYNOPSIS
       git commit [-a | --interactive] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend] [--dry-run]
		  [(-c | -C) <commit>] [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author]
		  [--allow-empty] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]
		  [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--status | --no-status] [--]
		  [[-i | -o ]<file>...]

DESCRIPTION
       Stores the current contents of the index in a new commit along with a
       log message from the user describing the changes.

       The content to be added can be specified in several ways:

	1. by using git add to incrementally "add" changes to the index before
	   using the commit command (Note: even modified files must be
	   "added");

	2. by using git rm to remove files from the working tree and the
	   index, again before using the commit command;

	3. by listing files as arguments to the commit command, in which case
	   the commit will ignore changes staged in the index, and instead
	   record the current content of the listed files (which must already
	   be known to git);

	4. by using the -a switch with the commit command to automatically
	   "add" changes from all known files (i.e. all files that are already
	   listed in the index) and to automatically "rm" files in the index
	   that have been removed from the working tree, and then perform the
	   actual commit;

	5. by using the --interactive switch with the commit command to decide
	   one by one which files should be part of the commit, before
	   finalizing the operation. Currently, this is done by invoking git
	   add --interactive.

       The --dry-run option can be used to obtain a summary of what is
       included by any of the above for the next commit by giving the same set
       of parameters (options and paths).

       If you make a commit and then find a mistake immediately after that,
       you can recover from it with git reset.

OPTIONS
       -a, --all
	   Tell the command to automatically stage files that have been
	   modified and deleted, but new files you have not told git about are
	   not affected.

       -C <commit>, --reuse-message=<commit>
	   Take an existing commit object, and reuse the log message and the
	   authorship information (including the timestamp) when creating the
	   commit.

       -c <commit>, --reedit-message=<commit>
	   Like -C, but with -c the editor is invoked, so that the user can
	   further edit the commit message.

       --reset-author
	   When used with -C/-c/--amend options, declare that the authorship
	   of the resulting commit now belongs of the committer. This also
	   renews the author timestamp.

       --short
	   When doing a dry-run, give the output in the short-format. See git-
	   status(1) for details. Implies --dry-run.

       --porcelain
	   When doing a dry-run, give the output in a porcelain-ready format.
	   See git-status(1) for details. Implies --dry-run.

       -z
	   When showing short or porcelain status output, terminate entries in
	   the status output with NUL, instead of LF. If no format is given,
	   implies the --porcelain output format.

       -F <file>, --file=<file>
	   Take the commit message from the given file. Use - to read the
	   message from the standard input.

       --author=<author>
	   Override the author name used in the commit. You can use the
	   standard A U Thor <author@example.com> format. Otherwise, an
	   existing commit that matches the given string and its author name
	   is used.

       --date=<date>
	   Override the author date used in the commit.

       -m <msg>, --message=<msg>
	   Use the given <msg> as the commit message.

       -t <file>, --template=<file>
	   Use the contents of the given file as the initial version of the
	   commit message. The editor is invoked and you can make subsequent
	   changes. If a message is specified using the -m or -F options, this
	   option has no effect. This overrides the commit.template
	   configuration variable.

       -s, --signoff
	   Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit
	   log message.

       -n, --no-verify
	   This option bypasses the pre-commit and commit-msg hooks. See also
	   githooks(5).

       --allow-empty
	   Usually recording a commit that has the exact same tree as its sole
	   parent commit is a mistake, and the command prevents you from
	   making such a commit. This option bypasses the safety, and is
	   primarily for use by foreign scm interface scripts.

       --cleanup=<mode>
	   This option sets how the commit message is cleaned up. The <mode>
	   can be one of verbatim, whitespace, strip, and default. The default
	   mode will strip leading and trailing empty lines and #commentary
	   from the commit message only if the message is to be edited.
	   Otherwise only whitespace removed. The verbatim mode does not
	   change message at all, whitespace removes just leading/trailing
	   whitespace lines and strip removes both whitespace and commentary.

       -e, --edit
	   The message taken from file with -F, command line with -m, and from
	   file with -C are usually used as the commit log message unmodified.
	   This option lets you further edit the message taken from these
	   sources.

       --amend
	   Used to amend the tip of the current branch. Prepare the tree
	   object you would want to replace the latest commit as usual (this
	   includes the usual -i/-o and explicit paths), and the commit log
	   editor is seeded with the commit message from the tip of the
	   current branch. The commit you create replaces the current tip — if
	   it was a merge, it will have the parents of the current tip as
	   parents — so the current top commit is discarded.

	   It is a rough equivalent for:

		       $ git reset --soft HEAD^
		       $ ... do something else to come up with the right tree ...
		       $ git commit -c ORIG_HEAD

	   but can be used to amend a merge commit.

	   You should understand the implications of rewriting history if you
	   amend a commit that has already been published. (See the
	   "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in git-rebase(1).)

       -i, --include
	   Before making a commit out of staged contents so far, stage the
	   contents of paths given on the command line as well. This is
	   usually not what you want unless you are concluding a conflicted
	   merge.

       -o, --only
	   Make a commit only from the paths specified on the command line,
	   disregarding any contents that have been staged so far. This is the
	   default mode of operation of git commit if any paths are given on
	   the command line, in which case this option can be omitted. If this
	   option is specified together with --amend, then no paths need to be
	   specified, which can be used to amend the last commit without
	   committing changes that have already been staged.

       -u[<mode>], --untracked-files[=<mode>]
	   Show untracked files (Default: all).

	   The mode parameter is optional, and is used to specify the handling
	   of untracked files.

	   The possible options are:

	   ·	no - Show no untracked files

	   ·	normal - Shows untracked files and directories

	   ·	all - Also shows individual files in untracked directories.

	       See git-config(1) for configuration variable used to change the
	       default for when the option is not specified.

       -v, --verbose
	   Show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what would be
	   committed at the bottom of the commit message template. Note that
	   this diff output doesn’t have its lines prefixed with #.

       -q, --quiet
	   Suppress commit summary message.

       --dry-run
	   Do not create a commit, but show a list of paths that are to be
	   committed, paths with local changes that will be left uncommitted
	   and paths that are untracked.

       --status
	   Include the output of git-status(1) in the commit message template
	   when using an editor to prepare the commit message. Defaults to on,
	   but can be used to override configuration variable commit.status.

       --no-status
	   Do not include the output of git-status(1) in the commit message
	   template when using an editor to prepare the default commit
	   message.

       --
	   Do not interpret any more arguments as options.

       <file>...
	   When files are given on the command line, the command commits the
	   contents of the named files, without recording the changes already
	   staged. The contents of these files are also staged for the next
	   commit on top of what have been staged before.

DATE FORMATS
       The GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables and the
       --date option support the following date formats:

       Git internal format
	   It is <unix timestamp> <timezone offset>, where <unix timestamp> is
	   the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.	<timezone offset> is a
	   positive or negative offset from UTC. For example CET (which is 2
	   hours ahead UTC) is +0200.

       RFC 2822
	   The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example
	   Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200.

       ISO 8601
	   Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
	   2005-04-07T22:13:13. The parser accepts a space instead of the T
	   character as well.

	       Note
	       In addition, the date part is accepted in the following
	       formats: YYYY.MM.DD, MM/DD/YYYY and DD.MM.YYYY.

EXAMPLES
       When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in your
       working tree are temporarily stored to a staging area called the
       "index" with git add. A file can be reverted back, only in the index
       but not in the working tree, to that of the last commit with git reset
       HEAD -- <file>, which effectively reverts git add and prevents the
       changes to this file from participating in the next commit. After
       building the state to be committed incrementally with these commands,
       git commit (without any pathname parameter) is used to record what has
       been staged so far. This is the most basic form of the command. An
       example:

	   $ edit hello.c
	   $ git rm goodbye.c
	   $ git add hello.c
	   $ git commit

       Instead of staging files after each individual change, you can tell git
       commit to notice the changes to the files whose contents are tracked in
       your working tree and do corresponding git add and git rm for you. That
       is, this example does the same as the earlier example if there is no
       other change in your working tree:

	   $ edit hello.c
	   $ rm goodbye.c
	   $ git commit -a

       The command git commit -a first looks at your working tree, notices
       that you have modified hello.c and removed goodbye.c, and performs
       necessary git add and git rm for you.

       After staging changes to many files, you can alter the order the
       changes are recorded in, by giving pathnames to git commit. When
       pathnames are given, the command makes a commit that only records the
       changes made to the named paths:

	   $ edit hello.c hello.h
	   $ git add hello.c hello.h
	   $ edit Makefile
	   $ git commit Makefile

       This makes a commit that records the modification to Makefile. The
       changes staged for hello.c and hello.h are not included in the
       resulting commit. However, their changes are not lost — they are still
       staged and merely held back. After the above sequence, if you do:

	   $ git commit

       this second commit would record the changes to hello.c and hello.h as
       expected.

       After a merge (initiated by git merge or git pull) stops because of
       conflicts, cleanly merged paths are already staged to be committed for
       you, and paths that conflicted are left in unmerged state. You would
       have to first check which paths are conflicting with git status and
       after fixing them manually in your working tree, you would stage the
       result as usual with git add:

	   $ git status | grep unmerged
	   unmerged: hello.c
	   $ edit hello.c
	   $ git add hello.c

       After resolving conflicts and staging the result, git ls-files -u would
       stop mentioning the conflicted path. When you are done, run git commit
       to finally record the merge:

	   $ git commit

       As with the case to record your own changes, you can use -a option to
       save typing. One difference is that during a merge resolution, you
       cannot use git commit with pathnames to alter the order the changes are
       committed, because the merge should be recorded as a single commit. In
       fact, the command refuses to run when given pathnames (but see -i
       option).

DISCUSSION
       Though not required, it’s a good idea to begin the commit message with
       a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the change,
       followed by a blank line and then a more thorough description. Tools
       that turn commits into email, for example, use the first line on the
       Subject: line and the rest of the commit in the body.

       At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.

       ·   The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects are
	   treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes. What
	   readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared with the data
	   git keeps track of, which in turn are expected to be what lstat(2)
	   and creat(2) accepts. There is no such thing as pathname encoding
	   translation.

       ·   The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of
	   bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level.

       ·   The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL
	   bytes.

       Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in
       UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8
       on projects. If all participants of a particular project find it more
       convenient to use legacy encodings, git does not forbid it. However,
       there are a few things to keep in mind.

	1.  git commit and git commit-tree issues a warning if the commit log
	   message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless
	   you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to
	   say this is to have i18n.commitencoding in .git/config file, like
	   this:

	       [i18n]
		       commitencoding = ISO-8859-1

	   Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of
	   i18n.commitencoding in its encoding header. This is to help other
	   people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the
	   commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.

	2.  git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the encoding
	   header of a commit object, and try to re-code the log message into
	   UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired
	   output encoding with i18n.logoutputencoding in .git/config file,
	   like this:

	       [i18n]
		       logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1

	   If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
	   i18n.commitencoding is used instead.

       Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message
       when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level,
       because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a reversible operation.

ENVIRONMENT AND CONFIGURATION VARIABLES
       The editor used to edit the commit log message will be chosen from the
       GIT_EDITOR environment variable, the core.editor configuration
       variable, the VISUAL environment variable, or the EDITOR environment
       variable (in that order). See git-var(1) for details.

HOOKS
       This command can run commit-msg, prepare-commit-msg, pre-commit, and
       post-commit hooks. See githooks(5) for more information.

SEE ALSO
       git-add(1), git-rm(1), git-mv(1), git-merge(1), git-commit-tree(1)

AUTHOR
       Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org[1]> and Junio C Hamano
       <gitster@pobox.com[2]>

GIT
       Part of the git(1) suite

NOTES
	1. torvalds@osdl.org
	   mailto:torvalds@osdl.org

	2. gitster@pobox.com
	   mailto:gitster@pobox.com

Git 1.7.1			  12/16/2010			 GIT-COMMIT(1)
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