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Carp(3pm)	       Perl Programmers Reference Guide		     Carp(3pm)

NAME
       carp    - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)

       cluck   - warn of errors with stack backtrace
		 (not exported by default)

       croak   - die of errors (from perspective of caller)

       confess - die of errors with stack backtrace

SYNOPSIS
	   use Carp;
	   croak "We're outta here!";

	   use Carp qw(cluck);
	   cluck "This is how we got here!";

DESCRIPTION
       The Carp routines are useful in your own modules because they act like
       die() or warn(), but with a message which is more likely to be useful
       to a user of your module.  In the case of cluck, confess, and longmess
       that context is a summary of every call in the call-stack.  For a
       shorter message you can use "carp" or "croak" which report the error as
       being from where your module was called.	 There is no guarantee that
       that is where the error was, but it is a good educated guess.

       You can also alter the way the output and logic of "Carp" works, by
       changing some global variables in the "Carp" namespace. See the section
       on "GLOBAL VARIABLES" below.

       Here is a more complete description of how "carp" and "croak" work.
       What they do is search the call-stack for a function call stack where
       they have not been told that there shouldn't be an error.  If every
       call is marked safe, they give up and give a full stack backtrace
       instead.	 In other words they presume that the first likely looking
       potential suspect is guilty.  Their rules for telling whether a call
       shouldn't generate errors work as follows:

       1.  Any call from a package to itself is safe.

       2.  Packages claim that there won't be errors on calls to or from
	   packages explicitly marked as safe by inclusion in @CARP_NOT, or
	   (if that array is empty) @ISA.  The ability to override what @ISA
	   says is new in 5.8.

       3.  The trust in item 2 is transitive.  If A trusts B, and B trusts C,
	   then A trusts C.  So if you do not override @ISA with @CARP_NOT,
	   then this trust relationship is identical to, "inherits from".

       4.  Any call from an internal Perl module is safe.  (Nothing keeps user
	   modules from marking themselves as internal to Perl, but this
	   practice is discouraged.)

       5.  Any call to Perl's warning system (eg Carp itself) is safe.	(This
	   rule is what keeps it from reporting the error at the point where
	   you call "carp" or "croak".)

       6.  $Carp::CarpLevel can be set to skip a fixed number of additional
	   call levels.	 Using this is not recommended because it is very
	   difficult to get it to behave correctly.

   Forcing a Stack Trace
       As a debugging aid, you can force Carp to treat a croak as a confess
       and a carp as a cluck across all modules. In other words, force a
       detailed stack trace to be given.  This can be very helpful when trying
       to understand why, or from where, a warning or error is being
       generated.

       This feature is enabled by 'importing' the non-existent symbol
       'verbose'. You would typically enable it by saying

	   perl -MCarp=verbose script.pl

       or by including the string "-MCarp=verbose" in the PERL5OPT environment
       variable.

       Alternately, you can set the global variable $Carp::Verbose to true.
       See the "GLOBAL VARIABLES" section below.

GLOBAL VARIABLES
   $Carp::MaxEvalLen
       This variable determines how many characters of a string-eval are to be
       shown in the output. Use a value of 0 to show all text.

       Defaults to 0.

   $Carp::MaxArgLen
       This variable determines how many characters of each argument to a
       function to print. Use a value of 0 to show the full length of the
       argument.

       Defaults to 64.

   $Carp::MaxArgNums
       This variable determines how many arguments to each function to show.
       Use a value of 0 to show all arguments to a function call.

       Defaults to 8.

   $Carp::Verbose
       This variable makes "carp" and "cluck" generate stack backtraces just
       like "cluck" and "confess".  This is how "use Carp 'verbose'" is
       implemented internally.

       Defaults to 0.

   %Carp::Internal
       This says what packages are internal to Perl.  "Carp" will never report
       an error as being from a line in a package that is internal to Perl.
       For example:

	   $Carp::Internal{ (__PACKAGE__) }++;
	   # time passes...
	   sub foo { ... or confess("whatever") };

       would give a full stack backtrace starting from the first caller
       outside of __PACKAGE__.	(Unless that package was also internal to
       Perl.)

   %Carp::CarpInternal
       This says which packages are internal to Perl's warning system.	For
       generating a full stack backtrace this is the same as being internal to
       Perl, the stack backtrace will not start inside packages that are
       listed in %Carp::CarpInternal.  But it is slightly different for the
       summary message generated by "carp" or "croak".	There errors will not
       be reported on any lines that are calling packages in
       %Carp::CarpInternal.

       For example "Carp" itself is listed in %Carp::CarpInternal.  Therefore
       the full stack backtrace from "confess" will not start inside of
       "Carp", and the short message from calling "croak" is not placed on the
       line where "croak" was called.

   $Carp::CarpLevel
       This variable determines how many additional call frames are to be
       skipped that would not otherwise be when reporting where an error
       occurred on a call to one of "Carp"'s functions.	 It is fairly easy to
       count these call frames on calls that generate a full stack backtrace.
       However it is much harder to do this accounting for calls that generate
       a short message.	 Usually people skip too many call frames.  If they
       are lucky they skip enough that "Carp" goes all of the way through the
       call stack, realizes that something is wrong, and then generates a full
       stack backtrace.	 If they are unlucky then the error is reported from
       somewhere misleading very high in the call stack.

       Therefore it is best to avoid $Carp::CarpLevel.	Instead use @CARP_NOT,
       %Carp::Internal and %Carp::CarpInternal.

       Defaults to 0.

BUGS
       The Carp routines don't handle exception objects currently.  If called
       with a first argument that is a reference, they simply call die() or
       warn(), as appropriate.

perl v5.10.1			  2009-07-03			     Carp(3pm)
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