Config::Model::Manual:UsereConfig::Model::Manual::ModelCreationIntroduction(3)NAMEConfig::Model::Manual::ModelCreationIntroduction - Introduction to
model creation with Config::Model
VERSION
version 1.235
Introduction
This page describes how to write a simple configuration model. Creation
of more complex models are described in Creating a model with advanced
features.
A tutorial is available in Creating a model from config file
documentation.
Note that this document will show a lot of Perl data structure to
highlight the content of a model. A Perl data structure is very similar
to a JSON structure. The only thing you need to know are:
· Curly braces "{ ... }" contain a dictionary of key, value pairs (a
"hash" in Perl land))
· Square brackets "[ ... ]" contain a list of items ("array" or
"list" in Perl land)
Some definitions
configuration file
Text file where configuration data are stored. This configuration
file will be used by an application -- the target application
configuration tree
The semantic content of the configuration file stored in a tree
representation
configuration model
Structure and constraints of the configuration tree. Like a schema
for the configuration tree
target application
The application that will use the configuration file
end user
User of the target application
application developer
Target application developer
model developer
People developing the configuration model. Not necessarily the
application developer
What is a configuration tree?
Most configuration files are actually organized mostly as a tree
structure. Depending on the syntax of the file, this structure may be
obvious to see (e.g. for XML, Apache) or not so obvious ("Xorg" syntax,
INI syntax).
For some files like "approx.conf" or "adduser.conf", this tree
structure is quite flat. It looks much like a rake than a tree, but
still, it's a tree.
For instance, this "approx.conf":
$pdiffs 1
$max_wait 14
debian http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian
can have this tree representation:
root
|--pdiff=1
|--max_wait=14
`--distrib(debian)=http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian
Other configuration files like "apache2.conf" or "xorg.conf" have a
structure that look more like a tree.
For instance, consider this "xorg.conf" snippet:
Section "Device"
Identifier "Device0"
Driver "nvidia"
EndSection
Section "Screen"
Identifier "Screen0"
Device "Device0"
Option "AllowGLXWithComposite" "True"
Option "DynamicTwinView" "True"
SubSection "Display"
Depth 24
EndSubSection
EndSection
Knowing that Xorg.conf can have several Device or Screen sections
identified by their "Identifiers", the configuration can be represented
in this tree as:
root
|--Device(Device0)
| `--Driver=nvidia
`--Screen(Screen0)
|--Device=Device0
|--Option
| |--AllowGLXWithComposite=True
| `--DynamicTwinView=True
`--Display
`--Depth=24
Some will argue that some "Xorg" parameter refer to others
(i.e."Device" and "Monitor" value in "Screen" section) and so they
cannot be represented as a tree. That's right, there are some more
complex relations that are added to the tree structure. This will be
covered in more details when dealing with complex models.
In some other case, the structure of a tree is not fixed. For instance,
"Device" options in "Xorg.conf" are different depending on the value of
the "Device Driver". In this case, the structure of the configuration
tree must be adapted (morphed) depending on a parameter value.
Just like XML data can have Schema to validate their content, the
configuration tree structure needs to have its own schema to validate
its content. Since the tree structure cannot be represented as a static
tree without reference, XML like schema are not enough to validate
configuration data.
Config::Model provides a kind of schema for configuration data that
takes care of the cross references mentioned above and of the dynamic
nature of the configuration tree required for "Xorg" (and others).
What is a model?
A configuration model defines the configuration tree structure:
· A model defines one or more configuration class
· At least one class is required to define the configuration tree
root
· Each class contains several elements. An element can be:
· A leaf to represent one configuration parameter
· A list of hash of leaves to represent several parameter
· A node to hold a node of a configuration tree
· A list or hash of nodes
These basic relations enable to define the main parts of a
configuration tree.
If we refer to the "approx.conf" example mentioned above, one only
class is required (let's say the "Approx" class). This class will
contain (see approx.conf man page):
· A boolean leaf for "pdiff" (1 if not specified)
· An integer leaf for "max_wait" (10 seconds unless specified
otherwise)
· A hash of string leaves for "distrib" (no default).
In terms of models, the model will be stored this way by Config::Model:
{
'name' => 'Approx',
'element'
=> [
'pdiffs' , { type => 'leaf', value_type => 'boolean', upstream_default => '1' },
'max_wait' , { type => 'leaf', value_type => 'integer', upstream_default => '10' },
'distributions', { type => 'hash', index_type => 'string' ,
cargo => { value_type => 'uniline', type => 'leaf',},
}
]
}
The "Xorg" example will lead to a slightly more complex model with
several classes:
· "Xorg" (root class)
· "Xorg::Device"
· "Xorg::Screen"
· "Xorg::Screen::Option" for the Screen options
· "Xorg::Screen::Display" for the"Display" subsection
The root class will be declared this way:
{
name => 'Xorg',
element => [
Device => {
type => 'hash',
index_type => 'string'
cargo => {
type => 'node',
config_class_name => 'Xorg::Device'
},
},
Screen => {
type => 'hash',
index_type => 'string'
cargo => {
type => 'node',
config_class_name => 'Xorg::Screen'
},
},
]
}
The"Xorg::Screen" class will be:
{
name => 'Xorg::Screen',
element => [
Device => {
type' => 'leaf',
value_type => 'uniline',
},
Display => {
type => 'hash',
index_type => 'integer'
cargo => {
type => 'node',
config_class_name => 'Xorg::Screen::Display'
},
}
Option => {
type => 'node',
config_class_name => 'Xorg::Screen::Option'
},
]
}
It's now time to detail how the elements of a class are constructed.
Model analysis
To define the configuration classes that will be required, you will
have to read the documentation of the target application to :
· Find the structure of the configuration tree
· Identify configuration parameters, their constraints and relations
Last but not least, you will also have to find several valid examples.
These examples be used as non-regression tests and verify that the
documentation was understood.
Model declaration
Configuration class declaration
In summary, configuration documentation is translated in a format
usable by Config::Model:
· The structure is translated into configuration classes
· Configuration parameters are translated into elements
· Constraints are translated into element attributes
All models files must be written in a specific directory. For instance,
for model "Xorg", you must create "./lib/Config/Model/models/Xorg.pl".
Other classes like "Xorg::Screen" can be stored in their own file
"./lib/Config/Model/models/Xorg/Screen.pl" or included in "Xorg.pl"
A model file is a Perl file containing an array for hash ref. Each Hash
ref contains a class declaration:
[ { name => 'Xorg', ... } , { name => 'Xorg::Screen', ... } ] ;
A class can have the following parameters:
· name: mandatory name of the class
· class_description: Description of the configuration class.
· generated_by: Mention with a descriptive string if this class was
generated by a program. This parameter is currently reserved for
"Config::Model::Itself" model editor.
· include: Include element description from another class.
For more details, see "Configuration_Model" in Config::Model.
For instance:
$ cat lib/Config/Model/models/Xorg.pl
[
{
name => 'Xorg',
class_description => 'Top level Xorg configuration.',
include => [ 'Xorg::ConfigDir'],
element => [
Files => {
type => 'node',
description => 'File pathnames',
config_class_name => 'Xorg::Files'
},
# snip
]
},
{
name => 'Xorg::DRI',
element => [
Mode => {
type => 'leaf',
value_type => 'uniline',
description => 'DRI mode, usually set to 0666'
}
]
}
];
Configuration class declaration (easier way)
Since writing a data structure is not fun (even with Perl), you are
encouraged to use the model editor provided by config-model-edit from
Config::Model::Itself module. You will get this type of GUI shown on
the right with the command "config-model-edit -model Xorg"
Common attributes for all elements
This first set of attributes will help the user by providing guidance
(with "level" and "status" and "experience") and documentation
("summary" and "description").
All elements (simple or complex) can have the following attributes:
· "description": full length description of the attribute
· "summary": one line summary of the above description
· "level": is "important", "normal" or "hidden". The level is used to
set how configuration data is presented to the user in browsing
mode. Important elements will be shown to the user no matter what.
hidden elements will be explained with the warp notion.
· "status": is "obsolete", "deprecated" or "standard" (default).
Using a deprecated element will issue a warning. Using an obsolete
element will raise an exception.
· "experience": By using the experience parameter, you can change the
experience level of each element. Possible experience levels are
"master", "advanced" and "beginner" (default).
See "Configuration_class" in Config::Model for details.
Simple leaf elements
Simple leaf elements will be used most often for configuration files. A
leaf element will represent a specific configuration parameter.
In more details, a leaf element have the following attributes (See
"Value_model_declaration" in Config::Model::Value doc):
type
Set to "leaf" (mandatory)
value_type
Either "boolean", "integer", "number", "enum", "string", "uniline"
(i.e. a string without "\n") (mandatory)
min Minimum value (for "integer" or "number")
<max
Maximum value (for "integer" or "number")
choice
Possible values for an enum
mandatory
Whether the value is mandatory or not
default
Default value that must be written in the configuration file
upstream_default
Default value that is known by the target application and thus does
not need to be written in the configuration file.
To know which attributes to use, you will have to read the
documentation of the target application.
For instance, "AddressFamily" parameter (sshd_config(5)) is specified
with: Specifies which address family should be used by sshd(8). Valid
arguments are "any", "inet" (use IPv4 only), or "inet6" (use IPv6
only). The default is "any".
For Config::Model, "AddressFamily" is a type "leaf" element, value_type
"enum" and the application will use "any" if this parameter is left
blank in "sshd_config" file.
Thus the model of this element will be :
AddressFamily => {
type => 'leaf',
value_type => 'enum',
upstream_default => 'any',
description => 'Specifies which address family should be used by sshd(8).',
choice => [ 'any', 'inet', 'inet6' ]
}
Simple list or hash element
Some configuration parameters are in fact a list or a hash of
parameters. For instance, "approx.conf" can feature a list of remote
repositories:
# remote repositories
debian http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian
multimedia http://www.debian-multimedia.org
These repositories must be stored as a hash where the key will be
debian or multimedia and the associated value will a URL. But this hash
must have something which is not explicit in "approx.conf" file: a
parameter name. Approx man page mentions that: The name/value pairs
[not beginning with '$' are used to map distribution names to remote
repositories.. So let's use "distribution" as a parameter name.
The example will be stored this way in the configuration tree:
root
|--distrib(debian)=http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian
`--distrib(multimedia)=http://www.debian-multimedia.org
The model will need to declare that "distrib" is:
· a type "hash" parameter
· the hash key is a string
· the values of the hash are of type "leaf" and value_type "uniline"
distribution => {
type => 'hash',
index_type => 'string',
cargo => {
type => 'leaf',
value_type => 'uniline',
},
summary => 'remote repositories',
description => 'The other name/value pairs are ...',
}
For more details on list and hash elements, see hash or list model
declaration man page.
node element
A node element is necessary if the configuration file has more than a
list of variable. In this case, the tree is deeper than a rake and a
node element if necessary to provide a new node within the tree.
In the Xorg example above, the options of "Xorg::Screen" need their own
sub-branch in the tree:
Screen(Screen0)
`--Option
|--AllowGLXWithComposite=True
`--DynamicTwinView=True
For this, a new dedicated class is necessary>Xorg::Screen::Option> (see
its declaration above). This new class must be tied to the Screen class
with a node element.
A node element has the following parameters:
· type (set to "node")
· the name of the configuration class name (>config_class_name>)
So the "Option" node element is declared with:
Option => {
type => 'node',
config_class_name => 'Xorg::Screen::Option'
},
Hash or list of nodes
Some configuration files can feature a set of rather complex
configuration entities. For instance "Xorg.pl" can feature several
Screen or Device definitions. These definitions are identified by the
"Identifier" parameter:
Section "Device"
Identifier "Device0"
Driver "nvidia"
BusID "PCI:3:0:1"
EndSection
Section "Screen"
Identifier "Screen0"
Device "Device0"
DefaultDepth 24
EndSection
The Xorg configuration tree will feature 2 elements (Screen and Device)
that will use the Identifier parameters as hash keys:
root
|--Device(Device0)
| |--Driver=nvidia
| `--BusId=PCI:3:0:1
`--Screen(Screen0)
|--Device=Device0
`--DefaultDepth=24
And the Xorg model must define these 2 parameters as "hash". The cargo
of this hash will of type "node" and will refer to 2 different
configuration classes, one for "Device" ("Xorg::Device") and one for
"Screen" ("Xorg::Screen"):
{
name => 'Xorg',
element => [
Device => {
type => 'hash',
index_type => 'string'
cargo => {
type => 'node',
config_class_name => 'Xorg::Device'
},
},
Screen => {
type => 'hash',
index_type => 'string'
cargo => {
type => 'node',
config_class_name => 'Xorg::Screen'
},
},
]
}
Configuration wizard
Both Perl/Tk and Curses interfaces feature a configuration wizard
generated from a configuration model.
The wizard works by exploring the configuration tree and stopping on
each important element and on each error (mostly missing mandatory
parameter). The exploration will also respect the "experience"
parameter. I.e. a wizard run with "master" experience (see
Option->Experience menu in the Perl/Tk interface) will show more
parameters than running the interface with "beginner" experience.
When designing a model, you will have to think about each element:
· The expertise required to tinker with this parameter and set
"experience" to the right level, either master, advanced or
beginner (default).
· The importance level of the parameter (important, normal or
hidden). "level" is used to set how configuration data is presented
to the user in wizard and browsing mode. Important elements will be
shown in the wizard. hidden elements will be explained with the
warp notion in Creating a model with advanced features.
Reading configuration files
Once the model is specified, Config::Model can generate a nice user
interface, but there's still no way to load or write the configuration
file.
For Config::Model to read the file, the model designer must declare in
the model how to read the file (the read backend).
The read method can use one or more of the following mechanisms:
· Built-in, e.g Perl file, INI file...
· A plugin, i.e. a Perl "Config::Model::Backend::*" class like
"Config::Model::Backend::Augeas"
· A custom class where a read call-back must be provided
For more details, see Config::Model::AutoRead.
The name of the backend parameter must be specified in all cases.
Using built-in read mechanism
"Config::Model" comes with 3 read/write built in mechanisms:
perl_file
A perl data structure (like the ones produced by Data::Dumper).
See Config::Model::DumpAsData for details.
ini_file
Windows INI file (note that only simple tree structure can use this
backend)
cds_file
Config::Model own serialization format (a bit like YAML). See
Config::Model::Dumper for details.
With the backend name, the following parameters must be defined:
config_dir
The configuration directory
file
Config file name (optional). defaults to
"<config_class_name>.[pl|ini|cds]"
read_config => [ { backend => 'cds_file' ,
config_dir => '/etc/cfg_dir',
file => 'cfg_file.cds', # optional
} ],
See "Built-in_backend" in Config::Model::AutoRead.pm for details
Note that these parameters can also be set with the graphical
configuration model editor.
Using a plugin read mechanism
A plugin backend class can also be specified with:
read_config => [ { backend => 'foo' ,
config_dir => '/etc/cfg_dir'
} ]
In this case, Config::Model will try to load
"Config::Model::Backend::Foo". (The class name is constructed with
"ucfirst($backend_name)")
"read_config" can also have custom parameters that will passed verbatim
to "Config::Model::Backend::Foo" methods:
read_config => [ { backend => 'foo' ,
config_dir => '/etc/cfg_dir',
my_param => 'my_value',
} ]
This "Config::Model::Backend::Foo" class is expected to provide the
following methods:
new
read
write
Their signatures are explained in Config::Model::AutoRead doc on plugin
backends
Using a custom class
In case the plugin mechanism is not possible, a class with an arbitrary
name can be specified:
read_config => [ { backend => 'custom' ,
class => 'MyRead',
config_dir => '/etc/foo', # optional
file => 'foo.conf', # optional
} ]
Even the read method can have an arbitrary name by specifying a
"function" parameters.
For more details on available parameters on custom backends, see
Config::Model::AutoRead doc on custom backends
Using several read mechanisms
Several read mechanism can be specified to enable:
· Migration from one syntax to another
· Usage of different libraries (e.g. Augeas <http://augeas.net> or
pure Perl backend)
For instance, to try Augeas and fall back on a custom class in case of
problem, specify:
read_config => [ {
save => 'backup',
file => 'sshd_config',
backend => 'augeas',
config_dir => '/etc/ssh'
},
{
function => 'sshd_read',
backend => 'custom',
class => 'Config::Model::OpenSsh',
config_dir => '/etc/ssh'
} ],
Both specifications are tried in order. If Augeas backend fails (e.g.
Augeas is not installed), the custom backend will be used.
An exception will be raised if both methods fails. This behavior is
correct for "OpenSsh", but it can be a problem if you want to use
Config::Model to create a configuration file from scratch. In this case
you will also have to specify the "auto_create" parameter:
read_config => [ { backend => 'custom' ,
class => 'ProcessRead' ,
config_dir => '/etc/foo',
file => 'foo.conf',
auto_create => 1,
} ],
Writing configuration files
Read and write specifications were designed to be very similar. Most of
the times, the "read" and "write" specification will be identical. In
this case, there's no need to enter them: the data specified in the
"read" specification will be used to write the configuration file.
Here's an example:
write_config => [ { backend => 'custom',
class => 'NewFormat'
function => 'my_write',
}
],
Several "write" specification can be used. They are tried in order,
until the first succeeds.
For more information, see write specification doc
Syntax migration example
By combining multiple read specification with "'one"' write
specification, a configuration file can be migrated from old to new
syntax. The following example will migrate a configuration file from a
custom syntax to a perl data file:
{
name => 'Example',
element => [ ... ] ,
read_config => [ { backend => 'perl_file',
config_dir => '/etc/my_cfg/'
} ,
{ backend => 'custom',
class => 'Bar'
},
],
write_config => [ { backend => 'perl_file',
config_dir => '/etc/my_cfg/'
}
],
}
How does this work ? Here's the sequence:
1. Configuration is stored in old file "/etc/my_cfg/bar.conf"
2. Config::Model tries to read the config with "perl_file" read
backend and looks for "/etc/my_cfg/example.pl". This file is not
found so the read fails.
3. Config::Model tries the second backend which succeeds and load
configuration data in the configuration tree
4. Config::Model writes data back from configuration tree using
"write_config" backend which writes "/etc/my_cfg/example.pl"
5. At the next invocation, the first "read" backend will successfully
read the perl configuration file. The old file is left alone and
can be removed later by the system admin.
Thanks to this mechanism, this operation is idempotent so it can safely
be scripted in package scriplets.
SEE ALSO
· More complex models: Config::Model::Manual::ModelCreationAdvanced
· Config::Model::Manual::ModelForUpgrade: Writing a model for
configuration upgrades
· Configuration upgrades within Debian packages
<http://wiki.debian.org/PackageConfigUpgrade>
Feedback welcome
Feel free to send comments and suggestion about this page at
config-model-users at lists dot sourceforge dot net.
AUTHORS
Dominique Dumont <ddumont at cpan.org>
perl v5.14.1Config::Model::Manual::ModelCreationIntroduction(3)